Editing 1356

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[[File:Battle poitiers.jpg|thumb|[[Edward the Black Prince]] leads the English to victory at the [[Battle of Poitiers]].]]
Year '''1356''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCCCLVI]]''') was a [[leap year starting on Friday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>

=== January&ndash;December ===
* [[January 20]] &ndash; [[Edward Balliol]] surrenders his title as King of Scotland, to [[Edward III of England]].<ref>Hammond, Matthew (2019). "The Acts of Edward Balliol, king of Scots (1332–56)". The community of the realm in Scotland, 1249–1424. Retrieved June 15, 2023.</ref>
* ca. [[February]] &ndash; [[Burnt Candlemas]]: [[Edward III of England]] burns down every town and village in [[Lothian]], Scotland.
*[[June 17]] &ndash; The city of [[Lwów]] is granted [[Magdeburg rights]] by [[Casimir III of Poland]]. The advantages of the rights are not only economic, but also political.<ref>Oskar Halecki; W: F. Reddaway; J. H. Penson. The Law of Magdeburg used in Poland. The Cambridge History of Poland. CUP (Cambridge University Press) Archive. pp. 133–136. {{ISBN|1-001-28802-5}}. Retrieved June 16, 2023.</ref>
* [[September 19]] &ndash; [[Hundred Years' War]] &ndash; [[Battle of Poitiers]]: The English, commanded by [[Edward, the Black Prince]], defeat the French. The greatly outnumbered English forces not only rout the French, but capture the French king [[John II of France]] and his youngest son, the future [[Philip II of Burgundy]].<ref>McKisack 1959, p. 139.</ref>
* [[October 17]] &ndash; [[Eric XII of Sweden|Erik XII]] proclaims himself king of Sweden, in opposition to his father, King [[Magnus IV of Sweden|Magnus IV]]. Thus begins a civil war in Sweden between father and son, which will last until Erik's death in [[1359]].<ref>"Erik Magnusson". Svenskt biografiskt lexikon. Retrieved June 15, 2023.</ref>
* [[October 18]] (St Luke's Day) &ndash; The [[1356 Basel earthquake|Basel earthquake]] affects northern [[Old Swiss Confederacy|Switzerland]], with a maximum [[Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale|MSK]] intensity of IX–X (''Destructive–Devastating''), leaving around 1,000 dead. It is the most damaging intraplate earthquake known to have occurred in central Europe.<ref>1356 Basel Earthquake: A 650-Year Retrospective" (PDF). Risk Management Solutions. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 16 June 2023. The most damaging intraplate earthquake known to have occurred in central Europe.</ref>
* [[December 25]] &ndash; [[Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor]], promulgates the [[Golden Bull of 1356|Golden Bull]], a [[constitution]] for [[Holy Roman Empire|his empire]].<ref>Luxembourg, Charles IV (2 November 2019). The Golden Bull of 1356 AD. {{ISBN|978-1-9870-2740-2}}</ref>

=== Date unknown ===
* The [[Hanseatic League]], a trading alliance between many cities in northern Europe, first meets.
* Sweden's first guild privileges (for tailors) are issued in [[Stockholm]].<ref>Lindström, Dag. 1991. Skrå, stad och stat. Stockholm, Malmö och Bergen ca 1350-1622. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis: Uppsala.</ref>
* Ghazan II replaces [[Anushirwan]] as ruler of the [[Ilkhanate]] in [[Persia]].
* [[Zhu Yuanzhang]], one of the leaders in the [[Red Turban Rebellion]], captures the city of [[Nanjing]] from the [[Mongol]]-led [[Yuan dynasty]] in China; from then on it becomes his base of power, and the capital of a new dynasty he would establish in [[1368]], the [[Ming dynasty]].<ref>Ebrey (1999), 191.</ref>
* The majority of the [[Great Pyramid of Giza]]'s limestone casing stones are removed by [[Bahri dynasty|Bahri Sultan]] [[An-Nasir Hasan]], to build [[fortress]]es and [[mosque]]s in the nearby city of [[Cairo]], leaving the first of the [[Seven Wonders of the Ancient World]] in the step-stone condition in which it remains into modern times.
* The [[Castelvecchio Bridge]] in [[Verona]] is probably completed this year; its main span of {{convert|48.7|m|ft|abbr=on}} is the world's longest arch at this time.</onlyinclude>

== Births ==
* [[July 29]] &ndash; [[Martin of Aragon]] (d. [[1410]])
* ''date unknown''
** [[Ingegerd Knutsdotter]], Swedish abbess (d. [[1412]])
** [[Robert IV of Artois, Count of Eu]] (d. [[1387]])

== Deaths ==
* [[January 10]] &ndash; [[Toqto'a (Yuan dynasty)|Toqto'a]], Yuan dynasty official who was murdered (b. [[1314]])
* [[June 23]] &ndash; [[Margaret II, Countess of Hainaut]] (b. [[1311]])
* [[September 19]] (killed at the Battle of Poitiers):
** [[Peter I, Duke of Bourbon]] (b. [[1311]])
** [[Walter VI, Count of Brienne]], Constable of France (b. [[1304]])
* ''date unknown''
** [[Harihara I]], founder of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]
** [[Zheng Yunduan]], Chinese poet (b. c. [[1327]])

== Footnotes ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1356}}
[[Category:1356| ]]

== References ==

* Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, 1947-. - The Cambridge illustrated history of China / Patricia Buckley Ebrey.. - 2023 - Third edition.. - {{ISBN|978-1-009-15142-9}}

*  Hammond, Matthew (2019). "The Acts of Edward Balliol, king of Scots (1332–56)". The community of the realm in Scotland, 1249–1424. Retrieved June 15, 2023.

* McKisack, May (31 December 1959). The Fourteenth Century 1307–1399. Oxford History of England. Vol. 5. Oxford: Clarendon Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-821712-1}} {{OL|26141653M}}.

* (Swedish) Svenskt biografiskt lexikon [Elektronisk resurs] SBL. (2012-). Stockholm: Svenskt biografiskt lexikon
Tillgänglig på Internet: [https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/Start.aspx Svenskt Biografiskt Lexikon]