Editing 1347

{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{About year|1347}}
{{Year nav|1347}}
{{C14 year in topic}}Year '''1347''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCCCXLVII]]''') was a [[common year starting on Monday]] of the [[Julian calendar]], and a [[common year starting on Sunday]] of the [[Proleptic Gregorian calendar]].

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>

=== January&ndash;December ===
* [[January 26]] &ndash; [[Charles University]] in [[Prague]] is founded by a [[Papal bull|bull]] issued by [[Pope Clement VI]], at the request of [[Charles I, King of Bohemia]].
* [[February 2]] &ndash; The [[Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347]] between [[John VI Kantakouzenos]] and the regency for [[John V Palaiologos]] ends with Kantakouzenos entering [[Constantinople]].
* [[February 26]] &ndash; The [[Maona of Chios and Phocaea]] is formed to manage the overseas possessions of the [[Republic of Genoa]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Vitale|first=Vito Antonio|title=Vignoso, Simone|encyclopedia=[[Enciclopedia Italiana]]|year=1937|language=Italian|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/simone-vignoso_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29/}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Setton|first=Kenneth M.|year=1976|title=The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume I: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries|location=Philadelphia|publisher=American Philosophical Society|isbn=0-87169-114-0|page=207}}</ref>
* [[April]] &ndash; The [[Knights Hospitaller]] defeat a [[Turkey|Turkish]] fleet, and sink 100 ships off [[Imbros]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Lock|first=Peter|title=The Routledge Companion to the Crusades|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=978-1135131371|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AkCKZ9Hs4-QC|page=127}}</ref>
* [[May]]
** The agreement reorganizing the Byzantine Empire's affairs is finalized, as [[Anna of Savoy]]'s son [[John V Palaiologos]] marries Kantakouzenos' 15-year-old daughter [[Helena Kantakouzene|Helena]].
** Genoese ships fleeing the [[1331]] [[Black Death]] plague in [[Kaffa (city)|Theodosia]] stop in Constantinople, contaminating the city.
* [[May 20]] &ndash; [[Cola di Rienzo]], a Roman commoner, declares himself Emperor of Rome, in response to years of baronial power struggles.
* [[August 2]] &ndash; The Islamic [[Bahmani Kingdom]] is established on the Indian subcontinent.
* [[September]] &ndash; [[Hundred Years' War]]: The English win the city of [[Calais]].
* [[September 1]] &ndash; The Black Death reaches the French port city of [[Marseille]].
* [[October]] &ndash; Ships arrive in the [[Sicily|Sicilian]] city of [[Messina]], carrying people afflicted by the [[Black Death]] onboard.
* [[November]]
** Pope [[Clement VI]] unites several of Rome's upper-class nobility, who drive Cola di Rienzo out of the city.
** King Phillip of France meets with the [[Estates General (France)|Estates General]] to ask for funds to further the war effort against the English.
* [[November 1]] &ndash; The Black Death spreads to [[Aix-en-Provence]] in [[Kingdom of France|France]].
* [[December]] &ndash; Plague hits the island of [[Mallorca]].
* [[December 24]] &ndash; [[Pembroke College, Cambridge|Pembroke College]] in the [[University of Cambridge]], England, is founded by [[Marie de St Pol]], Countess of Pembroke, as the Hall of Valence Marie.
* [[December 25]] &ndash; The first cases of the plague are recorded in the city of [[Split (city)|Split]], in [[Croatia]].
* [[December 27]] &ndash; To fund military operations in Corsica, the Republic of Genoa has to borrow at 20%, from an association of creditors known as the ''Compera nuova acquisitionis Corsicæ''.<ref name="Canale 1864">{{cite book|last=Canale|first=Michele Giuseppe|title=Nuova Istoria della repubblica di Genova. Epoca quarta (1339–1528): I dogi popolari|year=1864|publisher=Felice Le Monnier|location=Florence|pages=151|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W_MNAQAAIAAJ&q=giovanni+valente+1353+genova}}</ref></onlyinclude>

== Asia ==
=== Western Asia ===
The [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk Empire]] is hit by the plague in the autumn.<ref>Watts, Sheldon. Epidemics and History. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999. {{ISBN|0-300-08087-5}} pp. 25–26</ref> [[Baghdad]] is hit in the same year.<ref>[[Edward Miller (historian)|Miller, Edward]]. ''The Cambridge Economic History of Europe''. Cambridge: U.P, 1987. {{ISBN|0-521-08709-0}} pp. 461</ref>

=== South Asia ===
After years of resistance against the Delhi Sultan [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]], the [[Bahmani Kingdom]], a Muslim Sultanate in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], was established on August 3, when King Ala-ud-din Hasan Bahman Shah was crowned in a mosque in [[Daulatabad, Maharashtra|Daulatabad]].<ref name=BahmaniSultanate>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Bahmani-sultanate|website=www.Britannica.com|title=Bahmani Sultanate|author=Maren Goldberg and Thinley Kalsang Bhutia|year=2016|access-date=19 October 2022}}</ref> Later in the year, the Kingdom's capital was moved from Daulatabad to the more central [[Gulbarga]].<ref>{{ISBN|0-7614-7635-0}} pp. 335</ref><ref>Britannica, Encyclopedia et al. Students' Britannica India. New Delhi: Encyclopædia Britannica (India), 2000. {{ISBN|0-85229-760-2}} pp. 149</ref> Southeast Asia suffered a drought which dried up an important river which ran through the capital city of the Kingdom of Ayodhya, forcing the King to move the capital to a new location on the [[Lop Buri River]].<ref>[[Steve van Beek|Van Beek, Steve]] and Luca Invernizzi. The Arts of Thailand. Berkeley: Periplus Editions, 1999. {{ISBN|962-593-262-3}} pp. 139</ref>

== Europe ==
=== Eastern and Scandinavian ===
[[File:Doutielt3.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Citizens of [[Tournai]] bury plague victims. Miniature from "The Chronicles of Gilles Li Muisis" (1272-1352). Bibliothèque royale de Belgique, MS 13076-77, f. 24v.]]
On February 2 the [[Byzantine Empire]]'s [[Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347|civil war]] between [[John VI Kantakouzenos]] and the regency ended with John VI entering Constantinople. On February 8, an agreement was concluded with the empress [[Anna of Savoy]], whereby he and [[John V Palaiologos]] would rule jointly. The agreement was finalized in May when John V married Kantakouzenos' 15-year-old daughter. The war had come at a high cost economically and territorially, and much of the Empire was in need of rebuilding.<ref>Mango, Cyril. The Oxford History of Byzantium. Oxford Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, 2002. {{ISBN|0-19-814098-3}} pp. 267</ref> To make matters worse, in May Genoese ships fleeing the [[Black Death]] in Kaffa stopped in Constantinople. The plague soon spread from their ships to the city.<ref name = bp>Benedictow, Ole and Ole Benedictow. The Black Death, 1346–1353. Ipswich: Boydell Press, 2004. {{ISBN|0-85115-943-5}} pp. 51–54</ref> By autumn, the epidemic had spread throughout the [[Balkans]], possibly through contact with Venetian ports along the Adriatic Sea.<ref>Benedictow, Ole and Ole Benedictow. The Black Death, 1346–1353. Ipswich: Boydell Press, 2004. {{ISBN|0-85115-943-5}} pp. 74</ref> Specific cases were recorded in the northern Balkans on December 25, in the city of [[Split (city)|Split]].<ref name=autogenerated1>Benedictow, Ole and Ole Benedictow. The Black Death, 1346–1353. Ipswich: Boydell Press, 2004. {{ISBN|0-85115-943-5}} pp. 75</ref>

After being proclaimed [[Tsar of Serbia]] in the previous year by the newly promoted [[Serbian Patriarch]] [[Joanikije II]], [[Stefan Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia|Stefan Dušan]] continued his southern expansion by conquering [[Epirus]], [[Aetolia]] and [[Acarnania]], appointing his half-brother, despot [[Simeon Uroš]] as governor of those provinces.

=== Central ===
On May 20 [[Cola di Rienzo]], a Roman commoner, declared himself Emperor of Rome in front of a huge crowd in response to what had been several years of power struggles among the upper-class barony. Pope [[Clement VI]], along with several of Rome's upper-class nobility, united to drive him out of the city in November.<ref>Garwood, Duncan. Lonely Planet Rome: City Guides. Hawthorn: Lonely Planet Publications, 2006. {{ISBN|1-74059-710-9}} pp. 70</ref> In October, Genoese ships arrived in southern Italy with the Black Plague, beginning the spread of the disease in the region.<ref name = bp/><ref>Corporation, Marshall. Exploring the Middle Ages. New York (Box 410: Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 2006. {{ISBN|0-7614-7615-6}} pp. 99</ref>
Jews were first accused of ritual murders in Poland in 1347.<ref>Weinryb, Bernard. The Jews of Poland. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1973. {{ISBN|0-8276-0016-X}} pp. 27</ref> [[Casimir III of Poland]] issues Poland's first codified collection of laws after the diet of [[Wiślica]]. Separate laws are codified for greater and lesser Poland.<ref>Fisher, HH. America and the New Poland. City: Fisher Press, 2007. {{ISBN|1-4067-5084-0}} pp. xv</ref><ref>Morfill, William. Poland. London: T. F. Unwin, 1893. {{ISBN|0-8369-9919-3}} pp. 42</ref>

=== Western Europe ===
In the continuing [[Hundred Years' War]], the English won the city of [[Calais]] in a treaty signed in September. In a meeting with the [[Estates General (France)|Estates General]] in November, the French King Phillip was told that in the recent war efforts they had "lost all and gained nothing."<ref>Fraioli, Deborah. Joan of Arc and the Hundred Years War. Westport: Greenwood Press, 2005. {{ISBN|0-313-32458-1}} pp. 106</ref> Phillip, however, was granted a portion of the money he requested and was able to continue his war effort.<ref name = eiii>Neillands, Robin. The Hundred Years War. New York: Routledge, 1990. {{ISBN|0-415-07149-6}} pp. 109–110</ref> The English King Edward offered Calais a package of economic boosts which would make Calais the key city connecting England with France economically.<ref>Corfis, Ivy and Michael Wolfe. The Medieval City under Siege. Ipswich: Boydell Press, 1999. {{ISBN|0-85115-756-4}} pp. 55</ref> Edward returned to England at that height of his popularity and power and for six months celebrated his successes with others in the English nobility. Although the Kingdom's funds were largely pushed towards the war, building projects among the more wealthy continued, with, for example, the completion of [[Pembroke College, Cambridge|Pembroke College]] in this year.<ref name = eiii/>

The French city of [[Marseille]] recognized the plague on September 1 and by November 1 it had spread to [[Aix-en-Provence]]. The earliest recorded invasion of the plague into Spanish territory was in [[Mallorca]] in December 1347, probably through commercial ships.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> Three years of plague began in England.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Agricultural Records|last=Stratton|first=J.M.|publisher=John Baker|year=1969|isbn=0-212-97022-4}}</ref>

== Births ==
* [[February 6]] &ndash; [[Dorothea of Montau]], German [[hermitess]] and [[visionary]] (d. [[1394]])
* [[February 27]] &ndash; [[Alberto d'Este]], Lord of Ferrara and Modena (d. [[1393]])
* [[March 25]] &ndash; [[Catherine of Siena]], Italian saint (d. [[1380]])
* [[March 31]] &ndash; [[Frederick III, Duke of Austria]], second son of Duke Albert II of Austria (d. [[1362]])
* [[July 28]] &ndash; [[Margherita of Durazzo]], Queen consort of Charles III of Naples (d. [[1412]])
* [[August 29]] &ndash; [[John Hastings, 2nd Earl of Pembroke]], English nobleman and soldier (d. [[1375]])
* ''date unknown''
** [[Eleanor of Arborea]], ruler of Sardinia (d. [[1404]])
** [[Elizabeth of Pomerania]], fourth and final wife of [[Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor]] (d. [[1393]])
** [[Emperor Go-Kameyama]], 99th Emperor of Japan (d. [[1424]])
** [[Richardis of Schwerin, Queen of Sweden|Richardis of Schwerin]], queen consort of Sweden (d. [[1377]])

== Deaths ==
* [[February 2]] &ndash; [[Thomas Bek, Bishop of Lincoln]] (b. [[1282]])
* [[April 9]] &ndash; [[William of Ockham]], English philosopher and Franciscan monk (b. c. [[1285]])
* [[May 30]] &ndash; [[John Darcy, 1st Baron Darcy de Knayth]], English [[Peerage|peer]] (b. [[1290]])
* [[June]] &ndash; [[John de Warenne, 7th Earl of Surrey]], English nobleman (b. [[1286]])
* [[June 11]] &ndash; [[Bartholomew of San Concordio]], Italian Dominican canonist and man of letters (b. [[1260]])
* [[October 11]] &ndash; [[Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor]] (b. [[1282]])
* [[November]] &ndash; [[Richard de Pilmuir]],  [[bishop of Dunkeld]]
* [[November 12]] &ndash; [[John of Viktring]], Austrian chronicler and political advisor in Carinthia (b. 1270–1280)
* [[November 15]] &ndash; [[James I of Urgell]], Prince of Aragon (b. [[1321]])
* ''date unknown''
** [[Shah Jalal]], [[Sufi]] saint of [[Bengal]] (b. [[1271]])
** [[Blanca de La Cerda y Lara]], Spanish noblewoman (b. [[1317]])
** [[John de Egglescliffe]], English bishop
** [[Adam Murimuth]], English ecclesiastic and chronicler (b. [[1274]])
** [[Peter III of Arborea]], [[Judge of Arborea]]
** [[Lamberto II da Polenta|Lamberto II]] and [[Pandolfo da Polenta]], brothers and lords of [[Ravenna]] and [[Cervia]]
** [[Kokan Shiren]], Japanese [[Rinzai]] [[Zen]] patriarch and celebrated Chinese poet (b. [[1278]])
** [[Sang Nila Utama]], Founder and First King of Singapura

==See also==
*[[1331]]

== References ==
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