Editing 1327

{{About year|1327}}
[[File:Eduard3.jpg|upright=1.00|thumb|The coronation of [[Edward III of England|Edward III]] on February 1, 1327]]
{{Year nav|1327}}
{{C14 year in topic}} 
Year '''1327''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCCCXXVII]]''') was a [[common year starting on Thursday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==
=== January &ndash; March ===
* [[January 13]] &ndash; In Spain, Marinid Prince [[Uthman ibn Abi al-Ula]], who started an uprising the year before against the [[Emirate of Granada]] and its ruler [[Muhammad IV of Granada|Muhammad IV]], arrives at [[Almería]] and proceeds to enlist Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Abi Sa'id, Muhammad IV's uncle, to be installed as the new Emir, with the name al-Qa'im bi-amr Allah.<ref name=Manzano>Miguel Angel Manzano Rodríguez, ''La intervención de los Benimerines en la Península Ibérica'' (Editorial CSIC, 1992) p.350</ref>  
* [[January 20]] &ndash; Imprisoned at Warwickshire, [[Edward II of England|King Edward II]] of England is forced to abdicate by his estranged wife, [[Isabella of France|Queen Isabella]], and her lover, [[Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March|Roger Mortimer]].
* [[January 25]] &ndash; The 14-year-old [[Edward III of England|Crown Prince, Edward]], is proclaimed King of England in [[London]], with his mother Isabella serving as his [[regent]].<ref>Mortimer, Ian (2006). ''The Perfect King: The Life of Edward III, Father of the English Nation'', p. 54. London: Jonathan Cape. {{ISBN|0-224-07301-X}}.</ref>
* [[February 1]] &ndash; The coronation of [[Edward III of England|King Edward III]] as ruler of England takes place at [[Westminster Abbey]] with the approval of the English Parliament. [[Walter Reynolds]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], places the crown upon the new King.   
* [[February 5]] &ndash; (1st waning of Kason 684 ME, [[Burmese calendar]]) In Burma (now Myanmar), [[Tarabya I of Sagaing|Tarabya I]] becomes the new [[Sagaing Kingdom|King of Sagaing]], located in northern Myanmar on the [[Irrawaddy River]] with a capital in the city of [[Sagaing]]. Tarabya succeeds his brother, upon the death of his brother, King [[Saw Yun]], despite the fact that Saw Yun has an heir, [[Kyaswa of Sagaing|Prince Kyaswa]].<ref>"History of Burma: A.D. 1300–1400", by Than Tun, ''Journal of the Burma Research Society'' (December 1959)</ref>
* [[February 8]] &ndash; At [[Opava]] (now in the Czech Republic), the Polish Silesian noble [[Casimir I, Duke of Cieszyn]] swears [[homage (feudal)|homage]] to the King of Bohemia, [[John of Bohemia|John the Blind]]. In return, Casimir is granted [[Oświęcim|Auschwitz]] as a fiefdom on February 23.
* [[February 13]]
**King [[Charles I of Hungary]] and King [[John of Bohemia]] sign an alliance agreement at [[Trnava|Nagyszombat]] in Bohemia (now Trnava in the Republic of Slovakia), to proceed against the Austrian Habsburgs who occupy [[Bratislava|Pressburg]] (now Bratislava, capital of Slovakia).<ref>Július Bartl, et al., ''Slovak History: Chronology & Lexicon'' (Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 2002) p.38</ref>
**In Bavaria, a large fire breaks out in [[Munich]] and is not brought under control for two days. One-third of the buildings in the city are destroyed.  
* [[February 19]] &ndash; Other [[Silesia]]n nobles follow the example of Casimir of Cieszyn at Opava and swear homage to King John of Bohemia, including the Piast nobles [[Leszek of Racibórz]], [[Siemowit of Bytom]] and [[George of Bytom]]. 
* [[March 31]] &ndash; King [[Charles IV of France]] makes a peace treaty with [[Kingdom of England|England]], he returns [[Duchy of Aquitaine|Aquitaine]] and [[Duchy of Gascony|Gascony]] to English rule. Charles receives 50,000 livres and has seized all the English possessions in [[France in the Middle Ages|France]]. The territories of [[Limousin (province)|Limousin]], [[Quercy]] and [[Périgord]] county come under French control.<ref>Neillands, Robin (2001). ''The Hundred Years' War'', p. 32. London: Routledge. {{ISBN|9780415261319}}.</ref>

=== April &ndash; June ===
* [[April 4]] &ndash; In the civil war in Granada, Prince [[Uthman ibn Abi al-Ula]] captures the fortress of [[Laujar de Andarax]] (now in the Almeria province of Spain).<ref name=Manzano/>
* [[April 5]] &ndash; [[Edward II]] is moved to [[Berkeley Castle]] in [[Gloucestershire]]. He is kept under the custody of Roger Mortimer's son-in-law, [[Thomas de Berkeley, 3rd Baron Berkeley|Thomas Berkeley]] and [[John Maltravers, 1st Baron Maltravers|John Maltravers]] – who are given £5.00 a day to look after Edward and despite records showing luxury goods being bought for him. Edward is possibly mistreated by his captives.<ref>Phillips, Seymour (2011). ''Edward II'', p. 542–543. New Haven CT & London: Yale University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-300-17802-9}}.</ref>
* [[April 6]] ([[Good Friday]]) &ndash; [[Petrarch|Francesco Petrarca]], Italian scholar and poet, sees a woman he names Laura (possibly [[Laura de Noves]]) in the [[Church (building)|church]] of Sainte-Claire d'[[Avignon]], which awakes in him a lasting passion. He writes a series of [[sonnet]]s and other poems in Italian dedicated to her, which are collected into ''[[Il Canzoniere]]'', an influential model for [[Renaissance]] culture.
* [[May 31]] &ndash; In [[Milan]], [[Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Ludwig the Bavarian]], [[King of the Romans]], becomes the first [[King of Italy]] since 1313, when [[Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor]] had died. Ludwig is enthroned as King Ludovico IV, the third king with that name ([[Louis the Blind]] had ruled as Ludovico III from 900 to 905). 
* [[June 21]] &ndash; Queen [[Ingeborg of Norway]] marries the Danish nobleman [[Canute Porse the Elder]], but is deposed from political power in [[Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)|Norway]].

=== July &ndash; September ===
* [[July 4]] &ndash; During a banquet given by [[Galeazzo I Visconti]] in [[Milan]], an attempt is apparently made to poison the guest of honor, [[Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Ludwig the Bavarian]], newly crowned as [[King of Italy]]. Galeazzo's brother, [[Stefano Visconti]], becomes ill after tasting food and drink intended for Ludwig and dies suddenly at home. Stefano's brothers Galeazzo, Giovanni, and Luchino, along with his nephew Azzone Visconti, are all imprisoned on orders of the Holy Roman Emperor based on accusations of a fourth brother, Marco Visconti. 
* [[August 25]] &ndash; [[Demasq Kaja]], Viceroy of Azerbaijan and of Iraq in the [[Ilkhanate]], the Mongol Empire's area of control in the Middle East, is killed in [[Soltaniyeh]] after trying to escape arrest on orders of the [[Ilkhan]], [[Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan]]. Abu Sa'id had concluded that Demasq's father, [[Chupan|Amir Chūpān]], was attempting to take over the Ilkhanate. 
* [[September 21]] &ndash; Less than a year after his arrest, the former King of England, Edward II, is brutally murdered in [[Berkeley Castle]] in [[Gloucestershire]].<ref>Raphael Holinshed, ed., [http://english.nsms.ox.ac.uk/holinshed/texts.php?text1=1587_3941 ''Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland''] (1587)</ref><ref>"Monarchy, Martyrdom and Masculinity: England in the Later Middle Ages", by W. Mark Ormrod, in ''Holiness and Masculinity in the Middle Ages'' (University of Wales Press, 2004) pp. 174–191</ref>

=== October &ndash; December ===
* [[October 23]] &ndash; Pope [[Pope John XXII|John XXII]] condemns [[Marsilius of Padua]]'s 1324 treatise ''[[Defensor pacis]]'' (''The Defender of Peace''). The excommunicated Marsilius flees to [[Kingdom of Germany|Germany]] and seeks protection at the court of King [[Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Louis the Bavarian]]. John also excommunicates Louis and demands that he relinquishes his claim to the imperial crown.<ref>Hywel Williams (2005). ''Cassell's Chronology of World History'', p. 159. {{ISBN|0-304-35730-8}}.</ref> 
* [[October 27]] &ndash; [[Elizabeth de Burgh]], Queen consort of Scotland as the wife of King Robert the Bruce, is fatally injured when she falls from her horse while traveling with her entourage to [[Cullen Castle]] in [[Banffshire]]. 
* [[November 5]] &ndash; At [[Barcelona]], [[Alfonso IV of Aragon|Prince Alfonso the Kind]] becomes the new [[King of Aragon]] upon the death of his father, [[James II of Aragon|King Jaime II]], and is enthroned as King Alfonso IV.
* [[December 11]] &ndash; [[Simon Mepeham]] is elected as England's new [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] as the candidate of the [[Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster|Earl of Lancaster]] leader of the regency council.<ref>E. B. Fryde, et al., ''Handbook of British Chronology'' (Cambridge University Press, 1996) p.233</ref> Mepeham defeats the candidate supported by Queen Isabella and Roger Mortimer, and soon works with King Edward III to end Mortimer's power in England.<ref>Alison Weir, ''Queen Isabella: Treachery, Adultery and Murder in Medieval England'' (Ballantine 2005) p.306</ref>
* [[December 18]] &ndash; [[Pope John XXII]] appoints 10 new Roman Catholic cardinals, the most during his papacy, including Jacques Fournier, who will succeed Pope John as  [[Pope Benedict XII]] in [[1334]].<ref>"Consistories for the creation of Cardinals 14th Century (1303-1404): John XXII (1316-1334)", in ''The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church'', by Salvador Miranda (Florida International University, 1998)</ref>
* [[December 20]] &ndash; The late King Edward II of England is buried in the [[Gloucester Cathedral]] in [[Gloucestershire]], three months after his death.
* [[December 22]] &ndash; [[Timurtash|Ala ud-Din Timurtash]], the Viceroy for Anatolia within the [[Ilkhanate]] of the Middle East, and the brother of Demasq Kaja, learns that the Ilkhan [[Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan|Abu Sa'id]] had arranged for the execution of Demasq.<ref>"Anatolia under the Mongols", in ''The Cambridge History of Turkey'', ed. by Charles Melville and Kate Fleet (Cambridge University Press, 2009)</ref> Fearing for his own safety, Timurtash decides to leave and eventually flees to Egypt, but will be executed there on August 12, 1328.

=== By topic ===
==== Literature ====
* [[Richard of Wallingford]], English cleric and [[abbot]], describes the construction of an [[astronomical clock]] in his ''Tractatus Horologii Astronomici''.

==== Trade and Transport ====
* In [[China]], the [[Grand Canal (China)|Grand Canal]], which runs from [[Beijing]] to [[Hangzhou]] over a distance of 1,800&nbsp;km, is completed.<ref>{{cite web |title=How to Downsize a Transport Network: The Chinese Wheelbarrow |url=https://www.lowtechmagazine.com/2011/12/the-chinese-wheelbarrow.html |website=LOW-TECH MAGAZINE}}</ref>

== Births ==
* June &ndash; [[Malatesta Ungaro]], Italian condottiero (d. [[1372]])
* [[October 30]] &ndash; [[Andrew, Duke of Calabria]] (d. [[1345]])
* ''date unknown''
** [[Charles de La Cerda]], Franco-Spanish soldier (d. [[1354]])
** [[Elizabeth le Despenser, Baroness Berkeley]], English noble (d. [[1389]])
** [[Demetrius I Starshy]], Prince of Trubczewsk (d. [[1399]])
** [[Birger Gregersson]], Archbishop of Uppsala (d. [[1383]])
** [[Baldus de Ubaldis]], Italian jurist (d. [[1400]])
* ''probable'' &ndash; [[William Douglas, 1st Earl of Douglas]], Scottish nobleman (d. [[1384]])

== Deaths ==
* [[January 16]] &ndash; [[Nikephoros Choumnos]], Byzantine scholar and statesman (b. [[1250]] or [[1255]])
* [[January 29]] &ndash; [[Adolf, Count Palatine of the Rhine]] (b. [[1300]])
* [[March 15]] &ndash; [[Albert of Schwarzburg]], German grand preceptor of the Knights Hospitaller
* [[April 9]] &ndash; [[Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland]] (b. 1293)
* [[May 28]] &ndash; [[Robert Baldock]], [[Lord Privy Seal]] and [[Lord Chancellor]] of England
* [[May 29]] &ndash; [[Jens Grand]], Danish archbishop (b. c. [[1260]])
* [[July 4]] &ndash; [[Stefano Visconti]], Milanese nobleman
* [[August 25]] &ndash; [[Demasq Kaja]], Ilkhanate member of the Chobanid Family
* [[September 1]] &ndash; [[Foulques de Villaret]], French Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller
* [[September 21]] &ndash; [[Edward II of England|Edward Caernarfon]], former King of England (b. [[1284]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Edward II of England: Biography on Undiscovered Scotland |url=https://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/usbiography/e/edwardiiengland.html |website=www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk |access-date=14 February 2020}}</ref>
* [[September 26]] &ndash; [[Cecco d'Ascoli]], Italian encyclopaedist, physician and poet (b. [[1257]])
* [[October 20]] &ndash; [[Teresa d'Entença]], Countess of Urgell (b. [[1300]])
* [[October 27]] &ndash; [[Elizabeth de Burgh]], queen of [[Robert the Bruce]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Undiscovered Scotland: Timeline of Scottish History: 1300 to 1350 |url=https://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/usfeatures/timeline/to1350.html |website=www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk |access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref>
* November &ndash; [[Chupan]], Chobanid prince of the Ilkhanate
* [[November 2]] or [[November 5]] &ndash; King [[James II of Aragon]] (b. [[1267]])
* [[December 19]] &ndash; [[Agnes of France, Duchess of Burgundy]]
* ''date unknown''
** [[Thomas Cobham]], Bishop of Worcester
** [[Constantine I of Imereti]]
** [[David of Hrodna]], Lithuanian military leader
** [[Vital du Four]], French theologian (b. [[1260]])
** [[Walter Reynolds]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]]
** [[Sir Richard de Exeter]], Anglo-Irish knight
* ''probable'' &ndash; [[Bartholomew of Lucca]], Italian historian

==In fiction==
* The action of [[Umberto Eco]]'s novel ''[[The Name of the Rose]]'' (''Il Nome della Rosa'', [[1980]]) takes place during this year.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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