Editing 1321

{{About year|1321}}
[[File:Milutinst.jpg|upright=1.00|thumb|[[Stefan Milutin]], in a 14th century fresco at the [[Studenica Monastery]] ]]
{{Year nav|1321}}
{{C14 year in topic}} 
Year '''1321''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCCCXXI]]''') was a [[common year starting on Thursday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==
=== January &ndash; March ===
* [[January 19]] &ndash; [[King Edward II of England]] appoints the Archbishop of York; the Bishops of Carlisle, Worcester, and Winchester; the Earls of Pembroke, Hereford, and Badlesmere; and six other people to negotiate with Scotland for a final peace treaty or an extension of the Pembroke treaty of 1319 before its expiration on Christmas Day.<ref>J. R. S. Phillips, Aymer de Valence, Earl of Pembroke 1307–1324: Baronial Politics in the Reign of Edward II (Oxford University Press, 2018) p. 203</ref>
* [[January 20]] &ndash; The English Parliament appoints a commission to inquire about illegal confederacies in Wales against the King.<ref name=Ramsay>Sir James H. Ramsay, ''Genesis of Lancaster'' (Clarendon Press, 1913) pp. 114–115</ref>
*[[January 30]] &ndash; The Welsh Earls of Hereford, Arundel, and Surrey, and 26 other people are forbidden from attending any meetings to discuss matters affecting King Edward II.<ref name=Ramsay/>  
*[[February 10]] &ndash; By papal verdict announced in the Polish town of [[Brześć Kujawski|Brześć]], the [[Teutonic Knights]] are ordered to return the coastal region of Gdańsk Pomerania to Poland, having annexed and occupied it since 1308. The Teutonic Order appeals the judgment and continues fighting against Poland, with a new [[Polish–Teutonic War (1326–1332)|Polish–Teutonic War]] breaking out soon afterward.
* [[March 22]] &ndash; The [[Genkō (1321–24)|first Genkō era]] begins in Japan after the end of the [[Gen'ō]] era.

=== April &ndash; June ===
* [[April 8]] &ndash; In the [[Delhi Sultanate]] of India, European [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] missionaries who had accompanied [[Jordan Catala|Jordanus]] are killed while stranded on [[Salsette Island]]. Jordan escaped and continued his ministry.
* [[April 12]] &ndash; Sweden's governing council votes to bar foreigners from the royal palace, and to request that the Norwegian council admonish the regent [[Ingeborg of Norway|Ingeborg]] to avoid taking advice from foreigners when making decisions. Ingeborg, who was serving as regent for her minor son, [[Magnus IV of Sweden|King Magnus]], ruler of Sweden and Norway, had become infamous for making decisions without consultation from the councils of either of the kingdoms.
* [[April 14]] &ndash; Prince [[Wenceslaus of Płock]] allies with the Teutonic Knights of Poland and signs an agreement at the city of [[Golub-Dobrzyń|Golub]], pledging to prevent Lithuanian troops from passing through his principality. 
* [[April 19]] &ndash; On [[Easter]], [[Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328|civil war erupts in Byzantium]] as [[Andronikos III Palaiologos|Andronikos Palaiologos]] begins a rebellion against his grandfather, the Byzantine Emperor [[Andronikos II Palaiologos]]. The 24-year-old Andronikos is joined by [[Theodore Synadenos]] and [[John Kantakouzenos]] in the rebellion. 
* [[May 4]] &ndash; The German play ''Ludus de decem virginibus'', a dramatization of the New Testament [[Parable of the Ten Virgins]], is first performed.
* [[May 5]] &ndash; [[Wars of the Rügen Succession]]: Dukes [[Otto I of Pomerania]], [[Vartislav IV]] of Pomerania-Wolgast and [[Barnim III]] of Pomerania-Stettin reach a mutual inheritance contract with [[Vitslav III of Rügen]].
* [[May 8]] &ndash; In Egypt's Mamluk Sultanate, a campaign by Muslims starts against the Christian settlements of the [[Coptic Orthodox Church]]. Over 60 churches and monasteries are burned. 
* [[May 16]] &ndash; Johan de Bosco, a French person diagnosed with [[leprosy]], claims that a fellow leper, "Geraldus" is attempting to spread their disease by contaminating [[well]]s, fountains, and rivers with bags of powder that will give leprosy to anyone who drinks from the water source. Rumors spread in southern France [[blood libel|that French Jews are responsible]], and is known as the [[1321 lepers' plot]].<ref>David Nirenberg, ''Communities of Violence: Persecution of Minorities in the Middle Ages'' (Princeton University Press, 1996) p. 54</ref> 
* [[June 6]] &ndash; Andronikos II Palaiologos concludes a peace agreement and divides the [[Byzantine Empire]] in two. Andronikos III is recognized as co-emperor and receives [[Thrace]] and [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]]. He rewards his followers and gives them towns and regions to administer. [[Adrianople]] becomes the new capital.<ref>Ostrogorsky, George (1969). ''History of the Byzantine State'', pp. 499–501. Rutgers University Press. {{ISBN|0-8135-0599-2}}.</ref>
* [[June 9]] &ndash; Guillaume Agasse, the head of a leper house in [[Pamiers]], claims in a statement to Bishop Jacques Founier (later [[Pope Benedict XII]]) that he had learned that more than fifty officials of leper houses had conspired with the [[Emirate of Granada]] to spread leprosy throughout France.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Barber|first=Malcolm|title=Lepers, Jews and Moslems: The Plot to Overthrow Christendom in 1321|journal=History|year=1981|volume=66|issue=216|page=7|doi=10.1111/j.1468-229x.1981.tb01356.x|pmid=11614633}}</ref>  
* [[June 21]] &ndash; King [[Philip V of France]] orders that all lepers be imprisoned and interrogated. Those found guilty, often under torture, are to be [[death by burning|burnt at the stake]].<ref>Grayzel, Solomon (1947). ''A History of the Jews: From the Babylonian Exile to the End of World War II'', pp. 389–391. Jewish Publication Society of America. {{ISBN|0521524547}}.</ref><ref>Jordan, William Chester (1997). ''The Great Famine: Northern Europe in the early Fourteenth Century'', p. 171. Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|1400822130}}.</ref><ref>McVaugh, Michael R. (2002). ''Medicine Before the Plague: Practitioners and Their Patients in the Crown of Aragon, 1285–1345'', p. 220. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0521524547}}.</ref>
* [[June 23]] &ndash; [[Pope John XXII]] approves a second inquiry into the matter of the [[canonization of Thomas Aquinas]], with four commissioners to take testimony of witnesses.<ref name=Gerulaitis>"The Canonization of Saint Thomas Aquinas", by Leonardas Gerulaitis, ''Vivarium'' 5:25–46 (1967)</ref>

=== July &ndash; September ===
* [[July 1]] &ndash; [[María de Molina]], grandmother of and regent for 12-year-old King [[Alfonso XI of Castile]], dies at the age of 56, two relatives assume the regency and split Castile between themselves while chaos exists inside the Spanish kingdom. Alfonso's uncle, [[Juan Manuel|Don Juan Manuel de Ivrea]], and cousin [[Juan de Castilla y Haro]] (called Juan el Tuerto or Juan the One-Eyed) remain in power until Alfonso XI reaches majority on 13 August 1325.   
* [[July 15]] &ndash; In England, the "Parliament of Whitebands" convenes with only 38 barons present, to remove suspect counsellors to the King. 
* [[July 24]] &ndash; A marriage contract is signed on behalf of [[Euphemia of Sweden|Princess Euphemia]], the 4-year-old sister of King Magnus of Sweden and Norway, and daughter of the regent [[Ingeborg of Norway]], to eventually marry [[Albert II, Duke of Mecklenburg|Albert of Mecklenburg]] the 3-year-old son of [[Henry I, Lord of Mecklenburg]]. The marriage will not take place until almost 15 years later.
* [[August 14]] &ndash; King [[Edward II of England|Edward II]] agrees to the demands from his barons to send [[Hugh Despenser the Elder]] and his son [[Hugh Despenser the Younger]] into exile. The Despensers helped Edward in the administration of his financial and land management affairs. This gives them both the opportunity to frustrate the ambitions of the barons and also the chance to enrich themselves.<ref>{{cite book|first=Ian|last=Mortimer|title=The Greatest Traitor|publisher=Vintage Books|year=2010|isbn=9780099552222|page=109}}</ref> 
* [[September 14]] &ndash; Italian author [[Dante Alighieri]], known for ''The Inferno'', dies of malaria at [[Ravenna]] after having undertaken a diplomatic mission in the [[Republic of Venice]].

=== October &ndash; December ===
* [[October 29]] &ndash; King [[Stefan Milutin]] dies after a 39-year reign. His son [[Stefan Konstantin]] claims the Serbian throne, but Konstantin's elder half-brother [[Stefan Dečanski|Stefan Uroš III]] starts a civil war and succeeds him.<ref>Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1994). ''The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest'', p. 263. University Michigan Press. {{ISBN|0-472-08260-4}}.</ref>
* [[October 31]] &ndash; Edward II captures [[Leeds Castle]] after [[Margaret de Clare, Baroness Badlesmere|Margaret de Clare]], wife of [[Bartholomew Badlesmere, 1st Baron Badlesmere|Bartholomew Badlesmere]] refuses [[Isabella of France|Queen Isabella]] admittance in her husband's absence. When the Queen seeks to force an entry, Lady Badlesmere instructs her archers to shoot at Isabella and her party, six of whom are killed. After Edward occupies the castle, Lady Badlesmere becomes the first woman to ever be imprisoned in the [[Tower of London]]. She will be freed on November 3, 1322.<ref>Costain, Thomas B (1958). ''The Three Edwards'', pp. 193–195.  The Pageant of England, New York: Doubleday and Company.</ref><ref>McKisack, May (1959). ''The Fourteenth Century 1307–1399'', p. 64. Oxford History of England. London: Oxford University Press.</ref><ref>Emery, Anthony (2006). "Southern England". ''Greater Medieval Houses of England and Wales 1300–1500'', p. 305. London: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-58132-5}}.</ref>
* [[November 10]] &ndash; [[Canonization of Thomas Aquinas]]: In Italy, a second inquiry begins at [[Fossanova]], as three commissioners (Pandulpho de Sabbello; Petrus Ferri, Bishop of Anagni; and Andreas, Bishop of Terracina) take testimony from over 100 witnesses until November 27.<ref name=Gerulaitis/>
* [[November 27]] &ndash; In northern Italy, Rinaldo dei Bonacolsi, [[List of rulers of Mantua|Duke of Mantua]], begins the [[Siege of Mirandola (1321)|siege of Mirandola]] against [[Francesco I Pico]], [[Duchy of Mirandola|Duke of Mirandola]]. Bonaclsi has Pico and his sons Francesco and Tommasino arrested and imprisoned in the [[Castel d'Ario]].<ref>''[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ML_POIXq2f8C/page/n161/mode/1up?view=theater Cronaca della nobilissima famiglia Pico scritta da autore anonimo]'' (Tipografia di Gaetano Cagarelli, 1875) p. 154</ref> The castle is besieged the next day and lasts 33 days.
* [[December 8]] &ndash;  Confronting the rebellion of [[Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster|Thomas of Lancaster]], the [[Bartholomew Badlesmere, 1st Baron Badlesmere|Baron Badlesmere]], and [[Roger Mortimer, 1st Baron Mortimer of Chirk|Roger Mortimer]], King Edward II arrives in [[Cirencester]], then leads troops up the [[River Severn|Severn Valley]] from [[Gloucester]] against the rebels.<ref>Paul Doherty, ''Isabella and the Strange Death of Edward II'' (Robinson, 2003) p. 86</ref>
* [[December 26]] &ndash; Faced with an invasion of London during the rebellion of [[Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster|Thomas of Lancaster]], by troops led by the English rebel, the [[Bartholomew Badlesmere, 1st Baron Badlesmere|Baron Badlesmere]], King Edward II of England offers safe conduct for any rebels who come over to the royalist side, but orders the Sheriff of Gloucester to arrest Badlesmere.<ref>Kathryn Warner, ''Edward II: The Unconventional King'' (Amberley Publishing, 2014) p. 152</ref>
* [[December 28]] &ndash; (Genko 1, 9th day of 12th month) In Japan, [[Emperor Go-Daigo]] begins direct government as the [[cloistered rule]] of former [[Emperor Go-Uda]] ceases.
* [[December 31]] &ndash; the Duke of Mantua completes the siege of Mirandola, taking control of the Duchy, and then orders the castle of Duke Francesco I Pico to be destroyed.<ref>Pompilio Pozzetti, ''Lettere Mirandolesi scritte al conte Ottavio Greco'', Vol. 3 (Tipografia di Torreggiani e compagno, 1835) p. 40</ref>

=== By place ===

==== Byzantine Empire ====
* Spring &ndash; [[Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328|Byzantine Civil War]]: Co-Emperor [[Andronikos III Palaiologos]] flees [[Constantinople]] to [[Edirne|Adrianople]], where he sets up his court and initiates an uprising against his grandfather, [[Andronikos II Palaiologos|Andronikos II]]. [[Syrgiannes Palaiologos]] leads an expeditionary army towards the capital, forcing the emperor to negotiate.<ref>Nicol, Donald M. (1993). ''The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453'' (second ed.), p. 157. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-43991-6}}.</ref><ref>Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1994). ''The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest'', p. 251. University Michigan Press. {{ISBN|0-472-08260-4}}.</ref><ref>Bartusis, Mark C. (1997). ''The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society 1204–1453'', p. 87. University of Pennsylvania Press. {{ISBN|0-8122-1620-2}}.</ref>
* Winter &ndash; Syrgiannes Palaiologos switches support to Andronikos II Palaiologos, fleeing to Constantinople. Rewarded with the title of ''[[megas doux]]'', he convinces the emperor to resume the war against Andronikos III.<ref>Kazhdan, Alexander (1991). ''The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium'', p. 1997. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-504652-8}}.</ref>

==== Western Asia ====
* The Anatolian [[Beylik of Teke]], a frontier principality, is established by the [[Oghuz Turks]] after the decline of the Seljuk [[Sultanate of Rum]].

=== By topic ===
==== Education ====
* The [[University of Florence]] is established by the [[Republic of Florence]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Italian|url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/literatures-languages-cultures/international/study-abroad-subject-area/italian|website=The University of Edinburgh|access-date=15 January 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116135100/https://www.ed.ac.uk/literatures-languages-cultures/international/study-abroad-subject-area/italian|archive-date=January 16, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== Religion ====
* The [[Gračanica Monastery]] is founded by King [[Stefan Milutin]], nicknamed "The Saint King", on the ruins of a 6th century basilica, located in [[Kosovo]].
* The [[Spitakavor Monastery]], near the Armenian town [[Yeghegnadzor]], is completed.

==== Literature ====
*The ''[[Kebra Nagast]]'' ("The Glory of the Kings") is translated from Arabic to [[Ge'ez]],  according to its colophon (approximate date).<ref>Hubbard, David Allan (1956). ''The Literary Sources of the Kebra Negast'', p. 352. University of St. Andrews.</ref>

== Births ==
* [[January 6]] &ndash; [[William de Greystoke, 2nd Baron Greystoke|William de Greystoke]], English landowner (d. [[1359]])
* [[February 5]] &ndash; [[John II, Marquess of Montferrat]], Italian [[Nobility|nobleman]] (d. [[1372]])
* [[July 5]] &ndash; [[Joan of the Tower]], queen consort of [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] (d. [[1362]])<ref>Ashley, Mike (1999). ''The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens'', p. 551. London: Robinson Publishers. {{ISBN|1-84119-096-9}}.</ref>
* [[August 7]] &ndash; [[Bande Nawaz]], Indian [[Sufism|Sufi]] scholar and writer (d. [[1422]])
* [[August 29]] &ndash; [[John of Artois, Count of Eu]], French nobleman (d. [[1387]])
* ''date unknown''
** [[Al-Mansur Abu Bakr]], Mamluk ruler of [[Egypt in the Middle Ages|Egypt]] and [[Syria]] (d. [[1341]])
** [[He Zhen (count)|He Zhen]], Chinese nobleman, general, and politician (d. [[1388]])
** [[James I, Count of Urgell|James I]], Aragonese nobleman ([[House of Barcelona]]) (d. [[1347]])
** [[Johann Wittenborg]], German merchant and politician (d. [[1363]])
** [[John III of Trebizond]] ("Megas Komnenos"), Emperor of [[Empire of Trebizond|Trebizond]] (d. 1362)
** [[Louis I of Brzeg]] ("Louis the Wise"), Polish nobleman from the ([[Silesian Piasts|House of Piast]]) (d. [[1398]])
** [[Nicholas, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg]], German nobleman and co-ruler (d. [[1397]])
** [[Zhang Shicheng]], Chinese rebel leader and ruler (d. [[1367]])<ref>Peter Allan Lorge (2005). ''War, Politics and Society in Early Modern China, 900–1795'', p. 101. Taylor & Francis. {{ISBN|9780415316910}}.</ref>

== Deaths ==
* [[January 13]] &ndash; [[Bonacossa Borri]], Italian noblewoman (b. [[1254]])
* [[March 18]] &ndash; [[Matthew III Csák]], Hungarian nobleman and knight
* [[April 9]] &ndash; (The "Four Martyrs of Thane"):
** [[Demetrius of Tiflis]], Georgian monk and religious leader 
** [[James of Padua]], Italian monk, preacher and missionary
** [[Peter of Siena (died 1321)|Peter of Siena]], Italian monk, preacher and missionary 
** [[Thomas of Tolentino]], Italian preacher and missionary 
* [[April 17]] &ndash; [[Blanche of Portugal (1259–1321)|Blanche of Portugal]], Portuguese princess (b. [[1259]])
* [[April 22]] &ndash; [[Bolesław of Oleśnica]], Polish nobleman and co-ruler
* [[April 27]] &ndash; [[Nicolò Albertini]], Italian friar, cardinal and statesman
* [[May 31]] &ndash; [[Birger, King of Sweden|Birger Magnusson]], king of [[Kingdom of Sweden (800–1521)|Sweden]] ([[House of Bjälbo]])
* [[July 1]] &ndash; [[María de Molina]], queen of [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]] and [[Kingdom of León|León]] (b. [[1265]])
* [[July 23]] &ndash; [[Thomas de Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley|Thomas de Berkeley]], English nobleman and diplomat
* [[July 31]] &ndash; [[Ibn al-Banna' al-Marrakushi]], Almohad mathematician
* [[August 18]] &ndash; [[Rinaldo da Concorezzo]], Italian archbishop (b. [[1245]]) 
* [[September 3]] &ndash; [[Walter II, Lord of Egmond|Walter II]], Dutch nobleman and co-ruler (b. [[1283]])
* [[September 14]] &ndash; [[Dante Alighieri]], Italian poet and writer (b. 1265)<ref>{{cite web |title=Dante Alighieri {{!}} Biography, Poems, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Dante-Alighieri |website=www.britannica.com |access-date=7 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[October 29]] &ndash; [[Stefan Milutin]], Serbian king (b. [[1253]])<ref>Curta, Florin (2019). ''Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages (500–1300)'', pp. 667–668. Leiden and Boston: Brill. {{ISBN|9789004395190}}.</ref>
* [[November 9]] &ndash; [[Walter Langton]], English cleric and bishop (b. [[1243]])
* [[November 25]] &ndash; [[Nicholas Seagrave]], English nobleman and knight
* [[November 27]] &ndash; [[Kunigunde of Bohemia]], Czech princess (b. 1265)
* ''date unknown''
** [[Bonacossa Borri]], Italian noblewoman ([[visconti of Milan|House of Visconti]])
** [[Edmund Butler, Earl of Carrick|Edmund Butler]], Irish Chief Butler, [[magnate]] and politician
** [[Gregory of Raska]], Serbian bishop and translator (b. [[1275]])
** [[Grigorije II of Ras]], Serbian monk-scribe, bishop, and saint
** [[Guillaume Bélibaste]], French preacher and [[Cathar Perfect]]<ref>Webster, Jason (2009). ''Sacred Sierra: A Year on a Spanish Mountain'', pp. 198–202. London: Chatton & Windus. {{ISBN|978-0-7011-8157-4}}.</ref>
** [[James of Lausanne]], French [[Provincial superior|superior]], theologian and writer<ref>Vollert, Cyril O. (1947). ''Doctrine of Hervaeus Natalis'', pp. 112–113. Gregorian Biblical BookShop. {{ISBN|9788876520242}}.</ref>
** [[Muhammad ibn Rushayd]], Almohad scholar, judge, and writer
** [[Reginald of Burgundy]], French nobleman, knight and co-ruler
** [[Sinka Sebesi]], Hungarian nobleman, landowner and co-ruler
** [[Witte van Haemstede]], Dutch nobleman and prince (b. [[1281]])

== References ==
{{reflist}}

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