Editing 1316

{{About year|1316}}
[[File:Papa Ioannes Vicesimus Secundus.jpg|upright=1.00|thumb|[[Pope John XXII]] (1244–1334)]]
{{Year nav|1316}}
{{C14 year in topic}}
Year '''1316''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCCCXVI]]''') was a [[leap year starting on Thursday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==
=== January &ndash; March ===
* [[January 4]] &ndash; Sultan [[Alauddin Khalji]] of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] dies after a 19-year reign at [[Delhi]]. He is succeeded by his 5-year-old son, [[Shihabuddin Omar]], with the support of Alauddin's general [[Malik Kafur]]. During his reign, a power struggle occurs between Malik Kafur and the [[Khalji dynasty|Khalji family]].<ref>Kishori Saran Lal (1950). ''History of the Khalijis (1290–1320)'', pp. 56–57. Allahabad: The Indian Press. {{OCLC|685167335}}.</ref>
* [[January 28]] &ndash; [[Llywelyn Bren]] leads a revolt against [[English rule in Wales]]. After disregarding an order to appear before King [[Edward II of England|Edward II]], Llywelyn Bren raises a rebel army and lays siege to [[Caerphilly Castle]].<ref>"Llywelyn ab Rhys", in ''Dictionary of National Biography'', Vol. 34, ed. by Sidney Lee. (Smith, Elder & Co, 1893) pp.21–22</ref> The revolt spreads throughout the south [[Wear Cove]] (the Wales valley), and other castles are attacked. Edward sends an expeditionary force led by [[Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford|Humphrey de Bohun]] to suppress the rebellion. In March, after a battle at [[Morgraig Castle]] Llywelyn Bren is forced to break off the Caerphilly siege after six weeks and surrenders on March 18.<ref name=Davies>Davies, R. R. (2000). ''The Age of Conquest: Wales, 1063–1415'', p. 436. St. Martin's Press. {{ISBN|0-19-820198-2}}.</ref> 
* [[February 8]] &ndash; After only 35 days of ruling the [[Delhi Sultanate]] as regent, [[Malik Kafur]] is assassinated by Sultan Alauddin's former bodyguards.<ref>"The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji", by Banarsi Prasad Saksena, in ''A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanate (A.D. 1206-1526)'', Vol. ed. by Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (People's Publishing House, 1970)</ref> 
* [[February 14]] &ndash; [[Battle of Skaithmuir]]: Scottish forces under [[James Douglas, Lord of Douglas]] defeat an English raiding party near [[Coldstream]].<ref>. W. S. Barrow, ''Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland'' (Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1964, reissued by Edinburgh University Press, 2013)</ref> During the skirmish, [[Edmond de Caillou]] (nephew of [[Piers Gaveston, 1st Earl of Cornwall|Piers Gaveston]]) is killed.<ref>David Hume (1996). ''The History of the House of Douglas'', p. 488.</ref>
* [[February 22]] &ndash; [[Battle of Picotin]]: Catalan forces led by Prince [[Ferdinand of Majorca]], claimant to the [[Principality of Achaea]], defeat the army of Princess [[Matilda of Hainaut]], on the [[Peloponnese]]. During the battle, the Catalans kill 500 Burgundians and 700 native troops. The remnants of the Princess's army withdraw in haste, pursued by the Catalan cavalry; before they turn back to loot the abandoned Achaean camp.<ref>Topping, Peter (1975). "The Morea, 1311–1364". In Setton, Kenneth M.; Hazard, Harry W. (eds.). ''A History of the Crusades, Volume III: The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries'', p. 112. Madison and London: University of Wisconsin Press. {{ISBN|0-299-06670-3}}.</ref>
* [[March 12]] &ndash; At [[Belgrade]], [[Stefan Vladislav II]] becomes the new [[King of Syrmia]] (now part of Serbia) upon the death of his father, [[Stefan Dragutin]]. 
* [[March 18]] &ndash; After leading a six-week-long revolt from [[Wales]] against [[England]]'s , and retreating to [[Glamorgan]], Welsh rebel [[Llywelyn Bren]] finally surrenders to King Edward's general, [[Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford|Humphrey de Bohun]] at [[Ystradfellte]].<ref name=Davies/>

=== April &ndash; June ===
*[[April 14]] &ndash; [[Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah|Qutb al-Din Mubarak]], the 17-year-old son of Alauddin Khalji, succeeds him and ascends the throne as ruler of the [[Delhi Sultanate]].<ref>Peter Jackson (2003). ''The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History'' Cambridge University Press. .</ref>
* [[May 2]] &ndash; In an attempt to stir the Irish nobles into rebellion against English rule, [[Edward Bruce]], brother of King [[Robert the Bruce]] of Scotland is crowned [[High King of Ireland]].<ref>Hywel Williams (2005). ''Cassell's Chronology of World History'', p. 156. {{ISBN|0-304-35730-8}}.</ref>
* [[June 5]] &ndash; King [[Louis X of France]] ("Louis the Quarrelsome") dies, possibly from poisoning, during a game of [[tennis]] at [[Vincennes]], leaving his pregnant wife [[Clementia of Hungary]] as his widow. Following Louis' death, his 23-year-old brother [[Philip V of France|Philip]] is made [[regent]] for the remainder of Clementia's pregnancy. There are several potential candidates for the role of regent, his uncle [[Charles, Count of Valois]] and [[Odo IV, Duke of Burgundy]].<ref>Rose, Hugh James (1857). ''A New General Biographical Dictionary'', p. 89. Volume 11. London: Fellows.</ref><ref>Gillmeister, Heiner (1998). ''Tennis: A Cultural History'', pp. 17–21. London: Leicester University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-7185-0147-1}}.</ref>

=== July &ndash; September ===
* [[July 5]] &ndash; [[Battle of Manolada]]: Latin forces under [[Louis of Burgundy]], supported by Byzantine troops sent by governor [[Michael Kantakouzenos (died 1316)|Michael Kantakouzenos]], defeat the Catalan army under Ferdinand of Majorca. During the battle, Ferdinand is killed and [[John II of Nivelet]], who claims the [[Principality of Achaea]] is executed on the field as a traitor. His lands are given to Louis' Burgundian followers. [[Louis of Burgundy]] and his wife, [[Matilda of Hainaut]], become the joint rulers of Achaea.<ref name=Housley>Housley, Norman (1992). ''The Later Crusades, 1274–1580: From Lyons to Alcazar'', p. 165. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-822136-4}}.</ref>
* [[July 29]] &ndash; 10th day of 7th month of 5 [[Shōwa (1312–1317)|Shōwa]]; In Japan, [[Hōjō Takatoki]] becomes the 14th regent of the Kamakura shogunate.
* [[August 2]] &ndash; [[Matilda of Hainaut]] becomes the sole leader of the [[Principality of Achaea]], after her husband, Prince [[Louis of Burgundy]], dies of poisoning one month after having secured his position during the Battle of Mandolada.<ref name=Housley/> 
* [[August 5]] &ndash; [[Battle of Gransee]]: A North German-Danish alliance, led by [[Henry II, Lord of Mecklenburg]] ("Henry the Lion"), decisively defeats the forces under [[Waldemar, Margrave of Brandenburg-Stendal|Waldemar the Great]] at [[Schulzendorf]].<ref>''Hansisches Urkundenbuch'' (Hansischer Geschichtsverein, 1879) p.120</ref> During the battle, Waldemar escapes the battlefield, but his army – which consists largely of knights in armor — is massacred. Later, the victorious alliance negotiates a peace treaty at [[Zehdenick]].
* [[August 7]] &ndash; After an [[Sede vacante|interregnum]] (''sede vacante'') of two years, due to disagreements between the [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinal]]s, French cardinal [[Pope John XXII|Jacques Duèze]], Bishop of Avignon, is elected as successor to [[Pope Clement V]], who died in 1314. 
* [[August 10]] &ndash; [[Second Battle of Athenry]]: Norman rule is retained during the [[Bruce campaign in Ireland]], at the cost of over 5,000 dead.
* [[August 17]] &ndash; Brothers [[Albert II, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst|Albert II]] and [[Waldemar I]] become the joint rulers of the [[Principality of Anhalt-Zerbst]] in Germany upon the death of their father, [[Albert I, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst|Prince Albert I]].
* [[September 5]] &ndash; The coronation of Jacques Deuze as [[Pope John XXII]] takes place at [[Avignon]] in France, as he becomes the 196th pontiff of the [[Roman Catholic Church]]. His papacy will last until [[1334]].

=== October &ndash; December ===
* [[October 1]] &ndash; [[Birger, King of Sweden]], issues a letter of protection to the women of the [[Karelian people]] in Finland, at the time a part of the Kingdom of Sweden. The letter is the oldest document in the [[National Archives of Sweden]].<ref>Jussi Nuorteva and Päivi Happonen, ''Suomen Arkistolaitos 200 vuotta/Arkivverket i Finland 200 år'' ("200 Years of Finnish Archive Services"] (in Finnish and Swedish) (Edita Publishing, 2016) p.9</ref>
* [[October 30]] &ndash; A papal court in [[Avignon]], with Cardinal [[Berengar Fredol the Elder]] presiding, rules that [[Juan Fernández (bishop of León)|Juan Fernández]] was properly elected Bishop of [[León, Spain|León]] (now in Spain), dismissing a challenge by Juan García. Fernández had been elected a year before, but his confirmation by the Pope was delayed because of the challenge. Before Fernández can travel to Avignon, however, he passes away on December 17.
* [[November 15]] &ndash; [[John I of France|John of the House of Capet]] is born four months after the death of his father, King [[Louis X of France]] and, as the eldest (and only) son of King Louis, becomes King John I of France from the moment of his birth, with his uncle, [[Philip V of France|Prince Philip the Tall]], serving as regent. John dies, four days after his birth, on November 20.<ref>"El episcopado de don García Miguel de Ayerbe y el conflictivo período de las tutorías de Alfonso XI para la catedral de León (1318–1332)", by Pablo Ordás Díaz, in ''La España Medieval 41'' (2018), p. 258</ref>
* [[November 20]] &ndash; Upon the death of the infant John I, Philip the Tall, eldest surviving brother of King Louis X of France, becomes [[Philip V of France|King Philip V]]
* [[December 16]] &ndash; [[Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan]] becomes the new Mongol Ikhanate of the Middle East upon the death of his father, the Ikhan [[Öljaitü]].

=== By place ===
==== England ====
* The [[Pound sterling]] experiences the greatest year of [[inflation]] in its history, at 100.04 percent, losing over half its value.<ref>[http://www.measuringworth.com/inflation/ Measuring worth.com]</ref>

== Births ==
* [[March 2]] &ndash; [[Robert II of Scotland|Robert II]], king of [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] ([[House of Stuart]]) (d. [[1390]])
* [[April 11]] &ndash; [[Édouard I de Beaujeu|Édouard I]], French [[Nobility|nobleman]], knight and marshal (d. [[1351]])
* [[May 14]] &ndash; [[Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor]]  (d. [[1378]])
* [[August 15]] &ndash; [[John of Eltham, Earl of Cornwall|John of Eltham]], English nobleman and prince (d. [[1336]])<ref>Weir, Alison (1995). ''Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy Revised edition'', p. 92. Random House. {{ISBN|0-7126-7448-9}}.</ref>
* [[November 7]] &ndash; [[Simeon of Moscow]], Russian Grand Prince (d. [[1353]])
* [[November 15]] &ndash; [[John I of France|John the Posthumous]], King of [[France during the Middle Ages|France]] (d. 1316)
* ''date unknown'' 
** [[An-Nasir Ahmad, Sultan of Egypt]], Mamluk ruler ([[Bahri dynasty|House of Bahri]]) (d. [[1344]])
** [[Ch'oe Yŏng]], Korean nobleman and general (d. [[1388]])
** [[Fa Ngum]], Tai nobleman and ruler of [[Lan Xang]] (d. [[1393]])
** [[Henry II, Duke of Świdnica]], Polish nobleman, knight and co-ruler (d. [[1345]])
** [[Ibn Arafa]], Tunisian scholar, [[imam]] and theologian (d. [[1401]])
** [[John Beauchamp, 1st Baron Beauchamp of Warwick|John Beauchamp]], English nobleman and admiral (d. [[1360]])<ref>Mangone, Gerard J. (1997). ''United States Admiralty Law'', p. 9. Leiden, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. {{ISBN|9041104178}}.</ref>
** [[Magnus Eriksson]], king of [[Sweden]] and [[Norway]] from the House of Bjälbo (d. [[1374]])
** [[Nicholas Eymerich]], Spanish [[inquisitor]] and theologian (d. [[1399]])
** [[Niphon of Kafsokalyvia]], Greek monk, mystic and writer (d. [[1411]])
** [[Otho Holand]], English nobleman, knight and governor (d. [[1359]])
** [[Sir Renaud de Carteret, 8th Seigneur of Saint Ouen|Renaud de Carteret]], French nobleman and rebel leader (d. [[1382]])
** [[Robert de Herle]], English nobleman, knight and admiral (d. [[1364]])
** [[Simon Sudbury]], English cleric, bishop and archbishop (d. [[1381]])

== Deaths ==
* [[January 4]] &ndash; [[Alauddin Khalji]], Indian governor and ruler (b. [[1266]])
* [[February 18]] &ndash; [[Nicholas II of Werle]], German nobleman (b. [[1274]])
* [[March 2]] &ndash; [[Marjorie Bruce]], Scottish noblewoman and princess
* [[March 12]] &ndash; [[Stefan Dragutin]], king of [[Kingdom of Serbia (medieval)|Serbia]] ([[Nemanjić dynasty|House of Nemanjić]])
* [[March 13]] &ndash; [[John Devereux, Lord of Munsley|John Devereux]], Anglo-Norman nobleman (b. [[1250]])
* [[May 4]] &ndash; [[Reginald of Bar (bishop of Metz)|Reginald of Bar]], French archdeacon, bishop and writer
* [[May 5]] &ndash; [[Elizabeth of Rhuddlan]], English noblewoman (b. [[1282]])
* [[June 5]] &ndash; [[Louis X of France|Louis the Quarrelsome]], king of France (b. [[1289]])
* [[June 29]] &ndash; [[Henry Woodlock]], English prior and bishop (b. 1250)
* [[July 5]] – ([[Battle of Manolada]])
** [[Ferdinand of Majorca]], Spanish nobleman and prince
** [[John II of Nivelet]], Latin nobleman, knight and prince
* [[July 10]] &ndash; [[Leszek of Dobrzyń]], Polish nobleman and prince 
* [[July 18]] &ndash; [[Yasokjin]], Mongol noblewoman and queen consort
* [[July 27]] &ndash; [[Theobald de Verdun, 2nd Baron Verdun|Theobald de Verdun]], English nobleman (b. [[1278]])
* [[August 2]] &ndash; [[Louis of Burgundy]], French nobleman and prince
* [[August 17]] &ndash; [[Albert I, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst|Albert I]], German nobleman ([[House of Ascania]])
* [[August 30]] &ndash; [[Giovanni Pipino da Barletta|Giovanni Pipino I]], Italian nobleman and knight
* [[September 10]] &ndash; [[John FitzGerald, 1st Earl of Kildare|John FitzGerald]], Anglo-Norman nobleman
* [[November 20]] &ndash; [[John I of France|John the Posthumous]], king of France
* [[November 26]] &ndash; [[Robert Wishart]], Scottish bishop (b. [[1240]])
* [[December 16]] &ndash; [[Öljaitü]], Mongol [[viceroy]] and ruler (b. 1282)
* [[December 17]] &ndash; [[Juan Fernández (bishop of León)|Juan Fernández]], Spanish bishop-elect<ref name=POD>{{citation |author=Pablo Ordás Díaz |year=2018 |title=El episcopado de don García Miguel de Ayerbe y el conflictivo período de las tutorías de Alfonso XI para la catedral de León (1318–1332) |journal=En la España Medieval |volume=41 |pages=257–275, at 258 |doi=10.5209/ELEM.60011|doi-access=free|hdl=10347/19923 |hdl-access=free }}.</ref>
* [[December 18]] &ndash; [[Gilbert Segrave]], English bishop (b. 1266)<ref>Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy I. (1996). ''Handbook of British Chronology'', p. 258. (Third revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-56350-X}}.</ref>
* [[December 22]] &ndash; [[Giles of Rome]], Italian theologian (b. [[1243]])
* ''date unknown''
** [[Berenguer Estañol]], Latin nobleman and [[vicar general]]
** [[Edmond de Caillou]], French nobleman and [[favourite]]<ref>Fraser, Sir William, ''The Douglas Book IV Vols''. Edinburgh 1885.</ref>
** [[Geoffroy d'Ablis]], French [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] priest and inquisitor
** [[Guillaume Guiart]], French chronicler and poet
** [[Guo Shoujing]], Chinese astronomer and engineer (b. [[1231]])
** [[John of Argyll|John the Lame]], Scottish nobleman and admiral
** [[Malik Kafur]], Indian general, governor and viceroy ([[nawab]])<ref>Iqtidar Alam Khan (2008). ''Historical Dictionary of Medieval India'', p. 84. Scarecrow. {{ISBN|9780810864016}}.</ref>
** [[Matilda of Brandenburg, Duchess of Pomerania|Matilda of Brandenburg]], German noblewoman and [[regent]]
** [[Michael Kantakouzenos (died 1316)|Michael Kantakouzenos]], Byzantine general and governor
** [[Najm al-Din al-Tufi]], Arab scholar and theologian (b. [[1276]])
** [[Sang Sapurba]], Indonesian nobleman and ruler (b. [[1245]])<ref>Ahmad, A. Samad (1979). ''Sulalatus Salatin (Sejarah Melayu)'', p. 28. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. {{ISBN|983-62-5601-6}}.</ref>
** [[Shihabuddin Omar|Shihab-ud-din Omar]], Indian ruler of the [[Delhi Sultanate]]<ref>Kishori Saran Lal (1950). ''History of the Khaljiis (1290–1320)'', pp.56–57. Allahabad: The Indian Press. {{OCLC|685167335}}.</ref> 
** [[Simon Montagu, 1st Baron Montagu|Simon Montagu]], English nobleman and admiral (b. [[1259]])
** [[Ulrich of Sanneck]], German nobleman and knight (b. [[1255]])
** [[Vytenis]], Lithuanian nobleman and Grand Prince (b. [[1260]])
** [[William Ros, 1st Baron Ros|William Ros]], Scottish nobleman and claimant (b. 1255)<ref>Richardson, Douglas (2011). ''Magna Carta Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families, ed. Kimball G. Everingham'', pp. 448–51. Vol. III (2nd ed.). Salt Lake City. {{ISBN|144996639X}}.</ref>

==References==
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