Editing 1315

{{About year|1315}}
[[File:Great famine.jpg|upright=1.00|thumb|An illuminated picture of the [[Great Famine of 1315–1317]]]]
{{Year nav|1315}}
{{C14 year in topic}} 
Year '''1315''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCCCXV]]''') was a [[common year starting on Wednesday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==
=== January &ndash; March ===
* [[January 2]] &ndash; King [[Edward II of England]] buries his friend, the late [[Piers Gaveston]], having secured a papal absolution in one of the last acts of [[Pope Clement V]]. The burial takes place somewhere near the [[King's Langley Priory]] in [[Hertfordshire]], but the location of the tomb is subsequently forgotten. Gaveston had been excommunicated before he had been executed.
* [[January 20]] &ndash; The English Parliament is convened at Lincoln to hear the reading of the ''Articuli Cleri'', the list of grievances against the church in England. The parliament ends on March 9. 
* [[February 12]] &ndash; Italian sculptor [[Tino di Camaino]] is commissioned by the [[Republic of Pisa]] to create the statue of the late [[Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor]] (Enrico VII di Lussemburgo, King of Italy), to be finished in less than six months for the August 24 dedication of Henry's tomb. Camaino delivers the work by July 26.<ref>"Sienese and Pisan Trecento Sculpture", by W. R. Valentiner, in ''The Art Bulletin'' (March 1927) p.192</ref> 
* [[February 15]] &ndash; [[John of Argyll]] reports to King Edward II of England that he and his army have recovered the [[Isle of Man]] and expelled the Scottish occupiers.<ref>Archibald A. M. Duncan, ed., ''Acts of Robert I (1306-1329)'' (Edinburgh University Press, 1988) p.&nbsp;378.</ref>
* [[March 4]] (4 Dhu al-Hijjah 714 AH) &ndash; The [[Emir of Mecca]], [[Abu al-Ghayth ibn Abi Numayy|Abu al-Ghayth]], is defeated in a battle near Mecca by his brother [[Humaydah ibn Abi Numayy]].<ref>al-Najm Ibn Fahd, ''Itḥāf al-wará bi-akhbār Umm al-Qurá'', p. 152–153</ref> Wounded in battle, then captured by the enemy, Abu al-Ghayth is executed by order of his brother at Khayf Bani Shadid.
* [[March 8]] &ndash; The [[Al-Shamah Mosque]], in modern-day [[Gaza City]] in [[Palestine]], is completed after being commissioned by the Mamluk Sultanate Governor of Gaza, [[Sanjar al-Jawli]].<ref>Martin Abraham Meyer, ''History of the City of Gaza: from the earliest times to the present day'' (Columbia University Press, 1907) p.150</ref> 
* [[March 27]] &ndash; In China, [[Kunga Lotro Gyaltsen]] is installed as the [[Imperial Preceptor]] of Tibetan Buddhists, by order of the Mongol Emperor [[Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan]].

=== April &ndash; June ===
* [[April 26]] &ndash; The [[Scottish parliament]] is convened at [[Ayr]], and proclaims [[Edward Bruce]] as the legal heir to the throne to succeed if Edward's brother, King [[Robert the Bruce]] dies.<ref>Sarah Crome, ''Scotland's First War of Independence'' (Auch Books, 1999) p.127</ref> 
* [[April 28]] &ndash; The Mamluk Sultanate army invades the Christian outpost of [[Malatya]] in [[Byzantium]], then loots the city.<ref>"Malatya", in ''İslâm Ansiklopedisi'', Volume 27 (Türk Diyanet Vakfı', 2003) pp. 468–473</ref>
* [[April 30]]
**[[Margaret of Burgundy, Queen of France|Margaret of Burgundy]], technically [[Queen consort of France]] as the wife of [[Louis X of France|King Louis X]], dies in the [[Château Gaillard]] prison after a year of incarceration, due to her 1314 conviction for adultery in the [[Tour de Nesle affair]]. Unable to have the marriage nullified because a new Pope has not been installed, King Louis leaves Margaret imprisoned.<ref>Jim Bradbury, ''The Capetians: Kings of France, 987-1328'' (Continuum Books, 2007)</ref>
**[[Enguerrand de Marigny]], who had been the [[Chief Minister of France]] during the reign of [[King Philip IV of France]], is hanged at the [[Gibbet of Montfaucon]] in [[Paris]], on orders of Philip's successor, King Louis X.<ref>"Marigny, Enguerrand de", in ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', Volume 17 (Cambridge University Press, 1911) p.&nbsp;718.</ref>
* [[May 9]] &ndash; In France, [[Odo IV, Duke of Burgundy|Odo IV]] becomes the new [[Duke of Burgundy]] upon the death of his older brother, [[Hugh V, Duke of Burgundy|Hugh V]].
* [[May 26]] &ndash; King Edward II of England and ships with more than 6,000 troops land on the coast of Ireland at [[Larne]] to counter the [[Bruce campaign in Ireland|Scottish invasion of Ireland led by Edward Bruce]].
* [[June 15]] &ndash; King [[James II of Aragon]] is married by proxy to [[Marie of Lusignan, Queen of Aragon|Marie of Lusignan]], daughter of King [[Hugh III of Cyprus]], at a ceremony attended by James's representative at [[Nicosia]].

=== July &ndash; September ===
* [[July 3]] &ndash; King Louis X abolishes [[serfdom]] in the Kingdom of France.<ref>"Lettres portant que les serfs du Domaine du Roy seront affranchis, moyennant finance, Imprimerie nationale, 3 juillet 1315", in ''Recueil général des anciennes lois françaises'', vol. 3, p. 583</ref>
* [[July 6]] &ndash; In Germany, [[Henry II, Lord of Mecklenburg]] is married to Anna of Saxe-Wittenberg , daughter of [[Albert II, Duke of Saxony]]. The marriage produces an heir, [[Albert II, Duke of Mecklenburg|Albert II]], who will become [[Duke of Mecklenburg]] in 1348.
* [[July 22]] &ndash; [[Siege of Carlisle (1315)|Siege of Carlisle]]: Scottish forces led by King [[Robert the Bruce]] besiege [[Carlisle Castle]], but the stronghold holds out, due to a well-conducted defense organized by [[Andrew Harclay, 1st Earl of Carlisle|Andrew Harclay]] and the siege is abandoned by August 1.<ref name=Armstrong>{{cite book|last=Armstrong|first=Pete|year=2002|title=Bannockburn 1314 – Robert Bruce's Great Victory|location=Oxford|publisher=Osprey|pages=83, 86|isbn=1-85532-609-4}}.</ref><ref name=McNamee>McNamee, Colin (2010). Rogers, Clifford J. (ed.). ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Ttechnology'', Volume 1, pp. 127–128. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|9780195334036}}.</ref> 
* [[July 24]] &ndash; [[Otto II, Prince of Anhalt-Aschersleben]], dies without leaving any heirs, bringing an end to the Principality. His assets are seized by his cousin and creditor, Bishop Albert of Halberstadt.<ref>Jan Gyllenbok, ''Encyclopaedia of Historical Metrology, Weights, and Measures'' Volume 2 (Springer, 2018) p.1146</ref>
* [[July 28]] &ndash; King Louis X of France issues a charter in allowing expelled Jews to come back to France, but under strict conditions. The French Jews will be allowed to stay in the country for 12 years, after which their right to remain will be reviewed. For identification, Jewish people are required to wear armbands in public, can only live in designated communities and are forbidden from [[usury]]. Through this, the Jewish community will depend upon the king for their right to protection.<ref>Robert Chazan, ''Church, State, and Jews in the Middle Ages'' (Behrman House, 1979) pp.79–80</ref> In December, Sultan [[Ismail I of Granada]] implements similar rules for the Jews in the Spanish kingdom, directing Jews to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public.<ref>Ulysse R. (1891). ''Les Signes d'Infamie''. Translated by Adler C. and Jacobs J. in the Jewish Encyclopedia: The unedited full-text of  the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia.</ref>
* [[July 31]] &ndash; King Louis X mobilizes an army along the Flemish border. He prohibits the export of grain and other goods to [[County of Flanders|Flanders]] – which proves challenging to enforce.<ref>Carl Jacob Kulsrud, ''Maritime Neutrality to 1780: A History of the Main Principles Governing Neutrality and Belligerency to 1780'' (Little, Brown and Company, 1936) p.213</ref> Louis pressures officers of the Church at the borderlands, as well as King [[Edward II of England|Edward II]], to support his effort to prevent Spanish merchant vessels from trading with the embargoed Flemish cities.<ref>Jordan, William Chester (2005). ''Unceasing Strife, Unending Fear: Jacques de Therines and the Freedom of the Church in the Age of the Last Capetians'', pp. 151–152. Princeton University Press.</ref>
* [[August 1]] &ndash; After a 10-day siege of the Irish stronghold at Carlisle, King Robert of Scotland withdraws on [[August 1]]. During the Scots' presence in Cumbria, Scottish forces under [[James Douglas, Lord of Douglas|James the Black]] raid [[Borough of Copeland|Copeland]] and plunder [[St Bees Priory]].<ref name=Armstrong/><ref name=McNamee/>
* [[August 11]] (12th day of 7th month of 4 [[Shōwa (1312–1317)|Shōwa]]) &ndash; [[Hōjō Mototoki]] becomes ruler (''[[shogun]]'') and [[regent]] (''[[shikken]]'') of the [[Kamakura shogunate]] in [[Japan]] upon the death of [[Hōjō Hirotoki]].
* [[August 17]] &ndash; [[Ferdinand of Majorca]] completes the conquest of the [[Principality of Achaea]], one of the crusader states that had been founded in Greece during the Fourth Crusade, by capturing the capital, [[Andravida]]. 
* [[August 19]] &ndash; King [[Louis X of France]], nicknamed "Louis the Quarrelsome", marries the 22-year-old [[Clementia of Hungary]],daughter of [[Charles Martel of Anjou]] (titular king of [[Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)|Hungary]]). He and his second wife are five days later crowned at [[Reims]]. Louis becomes the 12th Capetian ruler of France. After his coronation, he passes the throne of the [[Kingdom of Navarre]] to his younger brother, who becomes [[Philip V of France|Philip II of Navarre]], nicknamed "Philip the Tall".<ref>{{cite book|title=Routledge Revivals: Medieval France (1995): An Encyclopedia|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2017|ISBN=9781351665667|page=568}}</ref>
* [[August 24]] &ndash; The coronation of [[Louis X of France|Louis X]] as King of France takes place at [[Reims]], nine months after Louis ascended the throne upon the death of his father, Philip IV.
* [[August 29]] &ndash; [[Battle of Montecatini]]: The Pisan army (some 20,000 men) led by [[Uguccione della Faggiuola]] defeats the allied forces of [[Republic of Florence|Florence]] and [[Kingdom of Naples|Naples]]. During the battle, [[Philip I, Prince of Taranto|Philip I]] manages to escape, but his son [[Charles of Taranto]] (titled the [[Latin Emperor of Constantinople]] and his brother [[Peter Tempesta]] are killed.<ref>Kelly, Samantha (2003). ''The New Solomon: Robert of Naples (1309–1343) and Fourteenth Century Kingship'', p. 228. Brill.</ref> 
* [[September 3]] (3 Jumada II 715 AH) &ndash; [[Rumaythah ibn Abi Numayy]], the former emir of Mecca, arrives at the court of the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt, [[al-Nasir Muhammad]] in [[Cairo]]. He receives pardon from the Sultan and seeks support against the new Emir, [[Humaydah ibn Abi Numayy]], who had killed his brother and predecessor, [[Abu al-Ghayth ibn Abi Numayy|Abu al-Ghayth]]. Al-Nasir sends Rumaythah back to [[Mecca]] with an Egyptian army. However, six days before the relief army's arrival, Humaydah pillages and burns the castle at Wadi Marr, and destroys 2,000 date palm trees. 
* [[September 10]] &ndash; The [[Battle of Connor]] is fought in [[County Antrim]] in Ireland ([[Northern Ireland]]) as part of the [[Bruce campaign in Ireland]]. Scottish-Irish forces commanded by [[Edward Bruce]], brother of Scotland's King Robert the Bruce, routs the army commanded by "The Red Earl", [[Richard Óg de Burgh, 2nd Earl of Ulster]].<ref>Art Cosgrove, ed., Art, ed., ''A New History of Ireland'' (Oxford University Press, 2008) pp.286–288</ref> Those earls not captured by the Scottish army flee to [[Carrickfergus Castle]]

=== October &ndash; December ===
* [[October 9]] &ndash; [[Banastre Rebellion]]: A group of English knights start an uprising in [[Lancashire]] and revenge themselves on [[Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster|Thomas of Lancaster]]. After the rebellion, [[Liverpool Castle]] is granted to [[Robert Holland, 1st Baron Holand|Robert de Holland]].
* [[November 15]] &ndash; [[Battle of Morgarten]]: The Swiss defeat [[Leopold I, Duke of Austria|Leopold of Austria]] on the shore of the [[Ägerisee]], ensuring independence for the [[Swiss Confederation]].<ref>{{cite book|last=McCrackan|first=William Denison|year=1901|title=The rise of the Swiss republic: a history|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.89160|publisher=H. Holt}}</ref>
* [[November 17]] &ndash; The marriage of King [[James II of Aragon]] to Marie of Lusignan is performed in person after Marie has traveled to Spain, with the ceremony taking place at [[Girona]].
* [[December 9]] &ndash; In Switzerland, the [[Pact of Brunnen]] is signed between leaders of the [[cantons of Switzerland|cantons]] of [[canton of Uri|Uri]], [[canton of Schwyz|Schwyz]] and [[canton of Unterwalden|Unterwalden]] at the city of [[Brunnen]] in Schwyz as a mutual defense pact against an invasion by Austria.
* [[December 13]]
**[[Gaston II, Count of Foix|Gaston II of Foix-Béarn]] becomes the new French representative to rule the [[Andorra|Co-principality of Andorra]] after the death of his father, [[Gaston I, Count of Foix|Gaston I]].
**(3 Jumada II 715 AH) [[Rumaythah ibn Abi Numayy]] arrives at Mecca with an Egyptian Army, led by the emirs Najm al-Din Damurkhan ibn Qaraman and Sayf al-Din Taydamur al-Jamadar, then spends two weeks in making plans to drive out the Emir [[Humaydah ibn Abi Numayy]]. They loot Humaydah's castle at al-Khalf wal-Khulayf, plunder the wealth inside and capture his 12-year-old son, but Humaydah himself escapes to Iraq.

== By topic ==
=== Natural disasters ===
* Spring &ndash; [[Great Famine of 1315–1317]]: A [[famine]] and pestilence sweeps over [[Europe]], and exacts so frightful a toll of human life that the phenomenon is to be regarded as one of the most impressive features of the period. It covers almost the whole of [[Northern Europe]]; the current territory of [[Ireland]], [[Kingdom of England|England]], [[France in the Middle Ages|France]], [[Netherlands]], [[Kingdom of Germany|Germany]] and [[Poland]]. Heavy rains and unseasonably cold weather, the ensuing harvest failures and death of livestock from starvation, and the sharp rise in food prices cause an acute shortage of food that will last for two years. The famine causes millions of deaths (according to estimates, around 10 to 25% of the urban population dies).<ref>Jordan, W. C. (1996). ''The Great Famine: Northern Europe in the early Fourteenth Century'', pp. 169–170. Princeton University Press.</ref> On [[August 10]], King [[Edward II of England]] witnesses its extent in his realm when he and his entourage stop at [[St Albans]] and find bread and other food unavailable.<ref>"Edward II: The Great Famine, 1315 to 1317", by Kathryn Warner (2009)</ref> 

=== Cities and towns ===
* [[Cairo]], capital of the [[Mamluk Sultanate]] becomes the largest city in the world, taking the lead from [[Hangzhou]] in Mongolian [[China]] (approximate date).
* [[Siegfried II of Querfurt|Siegfried II]], bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Hildesheim|Hildesheim]], provides [[Dassel]] in [[Lower Saxony]], Germany with [[town privileges|city rights]].
* In the [[Netherlands]], [[Vlissingen]] (Anglicized to "Flushing" later) is granted city rights.

== Births ==
* [[January 20]] &ndash; [[Yi Ja-chun]], Korean [[Nobility|nobleman]] and general (d. [[1361]])
* [[February 22]] &ndash; [[Chunghye of Goryeo]], Korean crown prince and king (d. [[1344]])
* [[April 5]] &ndash; [[James III of Majorca|King James III]] of [[Kingdom of Majorca|Majorca]], who will be nicknamed "James the Unfortunate".(d. [[1349]])
* [[April 14]] &ndash; Emir [[Muhammad IV of Granada]], Nasrid ruler ([[sultan]]) of the [[Emirate of Granada]], now part of Spain. (d. [[1333]])
* [[May 4]] &ndash; [[John Segrave, 4th Baron Segrave|John Segrave]], English nobleman and landowner (d. [[1353]])
* [[May 20]] &ndash; [[Bonne of Luxembourg]], queen consort of [[France in the Middle Ages|France]] (d. 1349)
* ''date unknown''
** [[Albert IV, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg|Albert IV]], German nobleman ([[House of Ascania]]) (d. [[1343]])
** [[Federico di Pagana]], Genoese nobleman and [[Doge (title)|doge]] (d. [[1406]])
** The [[Empress Gi]], Chinese concubine and empress consort as wife of [[Toghon Temür|Emperor Huizong]] of the Yuan dynasty (d. [[1369]])
** [[James of Piedmont]], Italian nobleman ([[House of Savoy]]) (d. [[1367]])
** [[Joanna of Hainaut|Joanna of Hainault]], French noblewoman and [[regent]] (d. [[1374]])
** [[Johann Hiltalinger]], Swiss bishop, theologian and writer (d. [[1392]])
** [[John FitzWalter, 2nd Baron FitzWalter|John FitzWalter]], English nobleman, knight and landowner (d. 1361)
** [[Kujō Michinori]], Japanese nobleman (''[[kugyō]]'') and regent (d. 1349)
** [[Louis V, Duke of Bavaria|Louis V]], German nobleman, knight, prince and co-ruler (d. 1361)
** [[Marie de Bourbon, Princess of Achaea|Marie de Bourbon]], Latin princess ([[House of Bourbon]]) (d. [[1387]])
** [[Pierre d'Orgemont]], French politician and chancellor (d. [[1389]])
** [[Raoul II of Brienne, Count of Eu|Raoul II of Brienne]], French nobleman and constable (d. [[1350]])<ref>Tuchman, Barbara Wertheim (1978). ''A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century'', p. 127. Knopf. {{ISBN|978-0-394-40026-6}}.</ref>
** [[Roger Beauchamp, 1st Baron Beauchamp of Bletso|Roger Beauchamp]], English nobleman and chamberlain (d. [[1380]])<ref>Richardson, Douglas (2011). Everingham, Kimball G. (ed.). ''Magna Carta Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families'', p. 471. Vol III (2nd ed.). Salt Lake City. {{ISBN|978-1449966386}}.</ref>

== Deaths ==
* [[January 15]] &ndash; [[Princess Gyeguk|Gyeguk]], Korean queen consort of [[Goryeo]] (b. [[1285]])
* [[March 10]] &ndash; [[Agnes Blannbekin]], Austrian mystic and writer (b. [[1244]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Katharina M. |last2=Wilson |first2=M. |title=An Encyclopedia of Continental Women Writers |date=1991 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-8240-8547-6 |page=138 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Wf1SVbGFg8C&pg=PA138 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[April 30]]
** [[Enguerrand de Marigny]], French [[Grand Chamberlain of France|Grand Chamberlain]] (b. [[1260]])
** [[Margaret of Burgundy, Queen of France|Margaret of Burgundy]], queen consort of France (b. [[1290]])
* [[May 1]] &ndash; [[Margaret of Brandenburg]], German noblewoman (b. [[1270]])
* [[May 9]] &ndash; [[Hugh V, Duke of Burgundy|Hugh V]], French nobleman ([[House of Burgundy]]) (b. [[1294]])
* [[June 27]] &ndash; [[Mieszko I, Duke of Cieszyn|Mieszko I]], Polish nobleman and knight ([[Piast dynasty|House of Piast]])
* [[July 24]] &ndash; [[Otto II, Prince of Anhalt-Aschersleben|Otto II]], German nobleman and prince (House of Ascania)
* [[August 12]] &ndash; [[Guy de Beauchamp, 10th Earl of Warwick|Guy de Beauchamp]], English nobleman and [[magnate]]
* [[August 18]] &ndash; [[Hōjō Hirotoki]], Japanese nobleman and regent (b. [[1279]])
* [[August 29]] &ndash; (Killed in the [[Battle of Montecatini]])
** [[Charles of Taranto]], Italian nobleman ([[House of Valois-Anjou|House of Anjou]]) (b. [[1296]])
** [[Peter Tempesta]], nicknamed "Storm", Italian nobleman and knight (b. [[1291]])
* [[August 31]] &ndash; [[Andrea Dotti (saint)|Andrea Dotti]], Italian nobleman and preacher (b. [[1256]])
* [[November 24]] &ndash; [[Fulk FitzWarin, 1st Baron FitzWarin|Fulk FitzWarin]], English nobleman and landowner
* [[December 6]] &ndash; [[William Greenfield]], English [[Rector (ecclesiastical)|rector]] and archbishop
* [[December 13]] &ndash; [[Gaston I, Count of Foix|Gaston I]], Occitan nobleman and knight (b. [[1287]])
* ''date unknown''
** [[Abu al-Ghayth ibn Abi Numayy]], Hasanid ruler of [[Sharifate of Mecca|Mecca]]
** [[Adolph VI, Count of Holstein-Schauenburg|Adolph VI]], German nobleman, knight and ruler (b. 1256)
** [[Esclaramunda of Foix]], queen consort of [[Kingdom of Majorca|Majorca]] (b. [[1250]])
** [[Henry of Treviso]], German [[hermit]], pilgrim and saint (b. 1250)
** [[Ibn al-Raqqam]], Andalusian astronomer and jurist (b. 1250)
** [[Jean Pitard]], French physician, [[surgeon]] and writer (b. [[1228]])
** [[John I of Chalon-Arlay]], French nobleman ([[House of Chalon-Arlay]]) (b. [[1258]])
** [[Juan Núñez II de Lara]], Spanish nobleman ([[House of Lara]]) (b. [[1276]])
** [[Lanfranc of Milan]], Italian cleric, surgeon and writer (b. 1250)
** [[Lu Zhi (poet)|Lu Zhi]], Chinese official, politician, poet and writer (b. [[1243]])
** [[Margaret of Villehardouin]], Latin noblewoman and princess
** [[Nichigen]], Japanese [[Buddhism in Japan|Buddhist]] monk and disciple (b. [[1262]])
** [[Robert FitzPayne, 1st Baron FitzPayne|Robert FitzPayne]], English nobleman, knight and governor
** [[Stephen Ákos]], Hungarian nobleman and [[Oligarch (Kingdom of Hungary)|oligarch]] (b. 1260)

== References ==
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