Editing 12th century

{{Short description|One hundred years, from 1101 to 1200}}
{{See also|Renaissance of the 12th century}}
{{Centurybox|12}}
[[Image:East-Hem 1100ad.jpg|thumb|277px|Eastern Hemisphere at the beginning of the 12th century]]

The '''12th century''' is the period from [[1101]] to [[1200]] in accordance with the [[Julian calendar]].  
In the history of European culture, this period is considered part of the [[High Middle Ages]] and overlaps with what is often called the {{"'}}Golden Age' of the [[Cistercians]]". The [[Golden Age of Islam]] experienced significant development, particularly in [[Islamic Spain]].

In [[Song dynasty]] China, [[Jurchen campaigns against the Song dynasty|an invasion]] by [[Jurchens]] caused a political schism of north and south. The [[Khmer Empire]] of Cambodia flourished during this century, while the [[Fatimid]]s of Egypt were overtaken by the [[Ayyubid dynasty]]. Following the expansions of the [[Ghaznavids]] and [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurid Empire]], the [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent]] took place at the end of the century.

==Events==
===1101–1109===
[[File:Ghurids1200.png|thumb|The [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurid Empire]] converted to [[Islam]] from Buddhism.]]
*[[1101]]: In July, the [[Treaty of Alton]] is signed between [[Henry I of England]] and his older brother [[Robert Curthose|Robert, Duke of Normandy]] in which Robert agrees to recognize Henry as king of England in exchange for a yearly stipend and other concessions. The agreement temporarily ends a crisis in the succession of the Anglo-Norman kings.
* [[1101]]–[[1103]]: [[David the Builder]] takes over [[Kakheti]] and [[Hereti]] (now parts of Georgia).
* [[1102]]: [[Coloman of Hungary|King Coloman]] unites Hungary and [[Croatia]] under the [[Crown of St. Stephen|Hungarian Crown]].
* [[1102]]: Muslims conquer [[Valencia#Middle Ages|Señorío de Valencia]].
* [[1103]]–[[1104]]: A church council is convened by King [[David the Builder]] in [[Urbnisi]] to reorganize the [[Georgian Orthodox Church]].
* [[1104]]: In the [[Battle of Ertsukhi]], King [[David the Builder]] defeats an army of [[Great Seljuq Empire|Seljuks]].
* [[1104]]: King Jayawarsa of [[Kediri (historical kingdom)|Kadiri]] (on Java) ascends to the throne.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}
* [[1106]]: [[Battle of Tinchebray]].
* [[1107]]–[[1111]]: [[Sigurd I]] of Norway becomes the first Norwegian king to embark on [[Norwegian Crusade|a crusade to the Holy Land]]. He fights in Lisbon and on various Mediterranean isles and helps the King of [[Jerusalem]] to take [[Sidon]] from the Muslims.
* [[1108]]: By the [[Treaty of Devol]], signed in September, [[Bohemond I of Antioch]] has to submit to the [[Byzantine Empire]], becoming the vassal of [[Alexius I Comnenus|Alexius I]].
* [[1109]]: On June 10, [[Bertrand of Toulouse]] captures the [[County of Tripoli]] (northern Lebanon/western Syria).
* [[1109]]: In the [[Battle of Nakło]], [[Boleslaus III Wrymouth]] defeats the [[Pomeranians (Slavic tribe)|Pomeranians]] and re-establishes Polish access to the sea.
* [[1109]]: On August 24, in the [[Battle of Hundsfeld]], [[Boleslaus III Wrymouth]] defeats Emperor [[Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry V]] of Germany and stops German expansion eastward.

===[[1110s]]===
* [[1111]]: On April 14, during [[Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry V]]'s first expedition to Rome, he is crowned Holy Roman Emperor.
* [[1113]]: Paramavishnulok is crowned as King [[Suryavarman II]] in [[Cambodia]]. He expands the [[Khmer Empire]] and builds [[Angkor Wat]] during the first half of the century. He establishes diplomatic relations with China.
* [[1115]]: The Georgian army occupies [[Rustavi]] in the war with the Muslims.
* [[1115]]: In Java, King Kamesvara of Kadiri ascends to the throne. [[Janggala]] ceases to exist and comes under Kadiri domination, highly possible under royal marriage. During his reign, Mpu Dharmaja writes Kakawin [[Smaradahana]], a eulogy for the king which become the inspiration for the [[Panji (prince)|Panji cycle]] tales, which spread across Southeast Asia.<ref name="Soekmono, R 1973, p.57">Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.57</ref>
* [[1116]]: The Byzantine army defeats the Turks at Philomelion.
* [[1116]]: Death of doña [[Jimena Díaz]], governor of Valencia from 1099 to 1102.
* c. [[1119]]: The [[Knights Templar]] are founded to protect Christian pilgrims in Jerusalem.

===[[1120s]]===
[[File:A Black and White Photo of the Cuenca Cathedral in Spain.jpeg|thumb|277px|A Black and White Photo of the 12th century Cuenca Cathedral (built from 1182 to 1270) in [[Cuenca, Spain]]]]
* [[1120]]: On January 16, the Council of [[Nablus]], a council of ecclesiastic and secular lords in the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, establishes the first written laws for the kingdom.
* [[1120]]: On November 25, [[William Adelin]], the only legitimate son of King [[Henry I of England]], drowns in the ''[[White Ship]]'' Disaster, leading to a [[The Anarchy|succession crisis]] which will bring down the [[Norman dynasty|Norman]] monarchy of England.
* [[1121]]: On August 12, in the [[Battle of Didgori]], the greatest military victory in Georgian history, King [[David the Builder]] with 45,000 [[Georgians]], 15,000 [[Kipchak people|Kipchak]] auxiliaries, 500 [[Alans|Alan]] mercenaries and 100 French [[Crusaders]] defeats a much larger [[Great Seljuq Empire|Seljuk]]-led Muslim coalition army.
* [[1121]]: On December 25, [[Norbert of Xanten|St. Norbert]] and 29 companions make their solemn vows in Premontre, France, establishing the [[Premonstratensian Order]].
* [[1122]]: The [[Battle of Beroia]] (Modern-day Stara Zagora, Bulgaria) results in the disappearance of the [[Pechenegs]] Turkish tribe as an independent force.
* [[1122]]: On September 23, the [[Concordat of Worms]] (''Pactum Calixtinum'') is drawn up between Emperor [[Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry V]] and Pope [[Calixtus II]] bringing an end to the first phase of the [[Investiture Controversy|power struggle]] between the papacy and the Holy Roman Empire.
* [[1122]]: King [[David the Builder]] captures [[Tbilisi]] and declares it the capital city of [[Kingdom of Georgia|Georgia]], ending 400 years of Arab rule.
* [[1123]]: The [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jurchen]] dynasty of China forces [[Goryeo|Koryo]] (now Korea) to recognize their suzerainty.
* [[1124]]: In April or May, [[David I of Scotland|David I]] is crowned [[King of the Scots]].
* [[1125]]: On June 11, in the [[Battle of Azaz (1125)|Battle of Azaz]], the [[Crusader states]], led by King [[Baldwin II of Jerusalem]], defeat the [[Seljuk Turks]].
* [[1125]]: In November, the [[Jurchen people|Jurchens]] of the [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]] declare war on the [[Song dynasty]], beginning the [[Jurchen campaigns against the Song dynasty|Jin–Song wars]].
* [[1125]]: [[Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor|Lothair]] of Supplinburg, duke of [[Duchy of Saxony|Saxony]], is elected [[Holy Roman Emperor]] instead of the nearest heir, [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick of Swabia]], beginning the great struggle between [[Guelphs and Ghibellines]].
* [[1127]]: The [[Song dynasty|Northern Song dynasty]] loses power over northern China to the [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]].
* [[1128]]: On June 24, the [[Kingdom of Portugal]] gains independence from the [[Kingdom of León]] at the [[Battle of São Mamede]]; (recognised by [[Kingdom of León|León]] in 1143).

===[[1130s]]===
[[Image:Angkor wat temple.jpg|thumb|The temple complex of [[Angkor Wat]], built during the reign of [[Suryavarman II]] in Cambodia of the Khmer Era.]]
* [[1130]]–[[1180]]: 50-year drought in what is now the [[Southwestern United States|American Southwest]].
* [[1130]]–[[1138]]: [[Papal schism of 1130|Papal schism]], [[Pope Innocent II]] vs. [[Antipope Anacletus II]].
* [[1130]]: On March 26, [[Sigurd I]] of Norway dies. A golden era of 95 years comes to an end for Norway as civil wars between the members of [[Harald Fairhair]]'s family line rage for the remainder of the century.
* [[1130]]: On Christmas Day, [[Roger II]] is crowned King of [[Sicily]], the royal title being bestowed on him by [[Antipope Anacletus II]].
* [[1132]]: The [[Southern Song dynasty]] establishes China's first permanent standing navy, although China had a long naval history prior. The main admiral's office is at the port of [[Dinghai]].
* [[1132]]–[[1183]]: the Chinese navy increases from a mere 3,000 to 52,000 marine soldiers stationed in 20 different squadrons. During this time, hundreds of treadmill-operated [[paddle steamer|paddle wheel]] craft are assembled for the navy to fight the Jin dynasty in the north.
* [[1135]]: King [[Jayabaya]] of [[Kediri (historical kingdom)|Kadiri]] ascends to the throne.<ref>Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (1998, July 20). ''[https://www.britannica.com/place/Kadiri Kaḍiri]''. ''Encyclopedia Britannica''.</ref>
* [[1135]]–[[1154]]: [[The Anarchy]] takes place, during a period of civil war in England.
* [[1136]]: [[Suger]] begins rebuilding the [[Saint Denis Basilica|abbey church at St Denis]] north of Paris, which is regarded as the first major [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] building.
* [[1137]]: On July 22, the future King [[Louis VII of France]] marries [[Eleanor of Aquitaine|Eleanor]], the Duchess of Aquitaine.
* [[1138]]: On October 11, the [[1138 Aleppo earthquake]] devastates much of northern Syria.
* [[1139]]: in April, the [[Second Lateran Council]] ends the papal schism.
* [[1139]]: On July 5, in the [[Treaty of Mignano]], [[Pope Innocent II]] confirms [[Roger II]] as King of Sicily, Duke of Apulia, and Prince of Capua and invests him with his titles.
* [[1139]]: On July 25, the Portuguese defeat the [[Almoravids]] led by [[Ali ibn Yusuf]] in the [[Battle of Ourique]]; Prince [[Afonso Henriques]] is acclaimed King of Portugal by his soldiers.

===[[1140s]]===
[[File:AverroesColor.jpg|thumb|alt=Drawing of a bearded man in Arabic garb|[[Averroes]] in a 14th-century painting by [[Andrea di Bonaiuto da Firenze|Andrea di Bonaiuto]]]]
* [[1140]]–[[1150]]: Collapse of the [[Ancestral Puebloans|Ancestral Puebloan]] culture at [[Chaco Canyon]] (modern-day New Mexico).
* [[1141]]: The [[Treaty of Shaoxing]] ends the conflict between the [[Jin dynasty (1115-1234)|Jin dynasty]] and [[Southern Song dynasty]], legally establishing the boundaries of the two countries and forcing the Song dynasty to renounce all claims to its former territories north of the Huai River. The treaty reduces the Southern Song into a quasi-tributary state of the Jurchen Jin dynasty.
* [[1143]]: [[Manuel I Komnenos]] is crowned as Byzantine emperor after the death of [[John II Komnenos]].
* [[1143]]: [[Afonso Henriques]] is proclaimed King of Portugal by the cortes.
* [[1143]]: The [[Treaty of Zamora]] recognizes Portuguese independence from the Kingdom of León. Portugal also recognizes the suzerainty of the pope.
* [[1144]]: On December 24, [[Siege of Edessa (1144)|Edessa]] falls to the Atabeg [[Nur ad-Din (died 1174)|Zengi]].
* [[1145]]–[[1148]]: The [[Second Crusade]] is launched in response to the fall of the [[County of Edessa]].
* [[1147]]: On October 25, the four-month-long [[Siege of Lisbon]] successfully brings the city under definitive Portuguese control, expelling the Moorish overlords.
* [[1147]]: A new [[Berber people|Berber]] dynasty, the [[Almohads]], led by Emir [[Abd al-Mu'min]], takes North Africa from the [[Almoravides]] and soon invades the [[Iberian Peninsula]]. The Almohads began as a religious movement to rid Islam of impurities.
* [[1147]]: The [[Wendish Crusade]] against the [[Polabian Slavs]] (or "[[Wends]]") in what is now northern and eastern Germany.

===[[1150s]]===
* [[1150]]: [[Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona]] marries [[Petronilla of Aragon|Petronilla]], the Queen of [[Aragon]].
* [[1151]]: The [[Treaty of Tudilén]] is signed by [[Alfonso VII]] of León and [[Raymond Berengar IV, Count of Barcelona]], recognizing the Aragonese conquests south of the Júcar and the right to expand in and annex the Kingdom of Murcia.
* [[1153]]: The Treaty of Wallingford, ends the civil war between [[Empress Matilda]] and her cousin [[Stephen of England|King Stephen]] of England fought over the English crown. Stephen acknowledges Matilda's son [[Henry II of England|Henry of Anjou]] as heir.
* [[1153]]: The First Treaty of Constance is signed between [[Emperor Frederick I]] and [[Pope Eugene III]], by the terms of which, the emperor is to prevent any action by [[Manuel I Comnenus]] to reestablish the Byzantine Empire on Italian soil and to assist the pope against his enemies in revolt in Rome.
* [[1154]]: the [[Morocco|Moroccan]]-born Muslim [[geographer]] [[Muhammad al-Idrisi]] publishes his ''Geography''.
* [[1154]]: On December 27, Henry II is crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey.
* [[1155]]: [[Pope Adrian IV]] grants overlordship of Ireland to [[Henry II of England]] in the [[papal bull|bull]] ''[[Laudabiliter]]''.
* [[1156]]: On June 18, the [[Treaty of Benevento]] is entered into by Pope [[Adrian IV]] and the Norman Kingdom of Sicily. After years of turbulent relations, the popes finally settles down to peace with the Hauteville kings. The kingship of [[William I of Sicily|William I]] is recognized over all Sicily, Apulia, Calabria, Campania, and Capua. The tribute to the pope of 600 ''[[schifati]]'' agreed upon by [[Roger II]] in 1139 at [[Treaty of Mignano|Mignano]] is affirmed and another 400 ''shift'' is added for the new lands.
* [[1158]]: The [[Treaty of Sahagún (1158)|Treaty of Sahagún]] ends the war between Castile and León.

=== [[1160s]] ===
[[Image:Liuhe Pagoda.jpg|thumb|The [[Liuhe Pagoda]] of Hangzhou, China, 1165]]
* [[1161]]: the Song dynasty Chinese navy, employing [[gunpowder]] bombs launched from [[trebuchet]]s, defeats the enormous Jin dynasty navy in the East China Sea in the [[Battle of Tangdao]] and on the [[Yangtze River]] in the [[Battle of Caishi]].
* [[1161]]: [[Kilij Arslan II]], Sultan of [[Sultanate of Rum|Rum]], makes peace with the Byzantine Empire, recognizing the emperor's primacy.
* [[1161]]: In the siege of [[Ani]], troops from the [[Kingdom of Georgia]] take control over the city, only to have it sold for the second time to the [[Shaddadids]], a Kurdish dynasty.
* [[1162]]: [[Genghis Khan]], the founder of the [[Mongol Empire]], is born as Temüjin in present-day [[Mongolia]].
* [[1163]]: The [[Norwegian Law of Succession]] takes effect.
* [[1165]]–[[1182]]: [[Polonnaruwa–Pagan War|Tensions and disputes]] between the [[Pagan Kingdom|Pagan Empire]] and the [[Kingdom of Polonnaruwa]] causes the [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] under [[Parakramabahu I|Parakramabahu the Great]] to raid [[Lower Myanmar|Burma]].
* [[1168]]: King [[Valdemar I of Denmark]] conquers [[Cape Arkona|Arkona]] on the Island of [[Rügen]], the strongest pagan fortress and temple in [[northern Europe]].
* [[1169]]: Political disputes within the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya Empire]] sparks the decade-long [[Pandyan Civil War (1169–1177)|Pandyan Civil War]].
* [[1169]]: On May 1, the [[Norman invasion of Ireland]] begins. [[Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke|Richard fitzGilbert de Clare]] ('Strongbow') allies with the exiled Irish chief, [[Diarmait Mac Murchada|Dermot MacMurrough]], to help him recover his kingdom of [[Leinster]].

===[[1170s]]===
[[File:BattagliaLegnano.jpg|thumb|right|The defense of the [[Carroccio]] during the [[battle of Legnano]] (1176) by [[Amos Cassioli]] (1832–1891)]]
* [[1170]]: The [[Treaty of Sahagún (1170)|Treaty of Sahagún]] is signed by [[Alfonso VIII of Castile]] and [[Alfonso II of Aragon]]. Based on the terms of the accord, Alfonso VIII agrees to provide Alfonso II with three hostages, to be used as tribute payments owed by Ibn Mardanīš of Valencia and Murcia.
* [[1170]]: On December 29, [[Thomas Becket]] is murdered in [[Canterbury Cathedral]].
* [[1171]]: [[Saladin]] deposes the last [[Fatimid]] Caliph [[Al-'Āḍid]] and establishes the [[Ayyubid dynasty]].
* [[1171]]: On November 11, [[Henry II of England]] lands in Ireland to assert his claim as Lord of Ireland.
* [[1172]]: The [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyan]] city of [[Madurai]] is sacked by the [[Lankapura Dandanatha|Sinhalese army]] due to an attempt to drive off the rival throne claimant, [[Kulasekara Pandyan]].
* [[1173]]: [[Sinhalese monarchy|Sinhalese king]] [[Parakramabahu I|Parakramabahu the Great]] gains a decisive victory by invading the [[Chola dynasty|Chola Empire]] as an ally of the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyas]] in the [[Pandyan Civil War (1169–1177)|Pandyan Civil War]].
* [[1174]]: On July 12, [[William I of Scotland]] is captured by the English in the [[Battle of Alnwick (1174)|Battle of Alnwick]]. He accepts the feudal overlordship of the English crown and pays ceremonial allegiance at York.
* [[1175]]: [[Hōnen|Hōnen Shōnin]] (Genkū) founds the [[Jodo shu|Jōdo shū]] (Pure Land) sect of Buddhism.
* [[1175]]: The [[Treaty of Windsor (1175)|Treaty of Windsor]] is signed by King [[Henry II of England]] and the High King of Ireland, [[Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair]].
* [[1176]]: On May 29, [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick Barbarossa's]] forces are defeated in the [[Battle of Legnano]] by the [[Lombard League]] which results in the emperor's acknowledgment of the pope's sovereignty over the Papal States and Alexander acknowledging the emperor's overlordship of the imperial Church.
* [[1176]]: On September 17, The [[Battle of Myriokephalon]] (Myriocephalum; Turkish: Miryakefalon Savaşı) is fought between the [[Byzantine Empire]] and the [[Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm|Seljuk Turks]] in [[Phrygia]]. It is a serious reversal for the Byzantine forces and will be the final, unsuccessful, effort by the Byzantines to recover the interior of [[Anatolia]] from the Seljuk Turks.
* [[1177]]: The [[Treaty of Venice|Treaty or Peace of Venice]] is signed by the papacy and its allies, and [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor]]. The Norman Kingdom of Sicily also participates in negotiations and the treaty thereby determines the political course of all of Italy for the next several years.
* [[1178]]: Chinese writer Zhou Qufei, a [[Guangzhou]] customs officer, writes of an island far west in the Indian Ocean (possibly [[Madagascar]]), from where people with skin "as black as lacquer" and with frizzy hair were captured and purchased as slaves by Arab merchants.
* [[1179]]: The [[Treaty of Cazola]] (Cazorla) is signed by [[Alfonso II of Aragon]] and [[Alfonso VIII of Castile]], dividing Andalusia into separate zones of conquest for the two kingdoms, so that the work of the [[Reconquista]] would not be stymied by internecine feuding.

===[[1180s]]===
* [[1180]]: The [[Portuguese Navy]] defeats a Muslim fleet off the coast of [[Cape Espichel]].
* [[1180]]–[[1185]]: the [[Genpei War]] in Japan.
* [[1181]]: [[Parakramabahu I|Parakramabahu the Great]] conducts a large-scale raid on [[Pagan Kingdom|Burma]], after a ship transporting a [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] princess to the [[Khmer Empire]] is attacked by [[Khmer–Cham wars#Cham invasions of Angkor (1170, 1177–1181)|Burmese naval fleets]].
* [[1182]]: Religious reformations of [[Theravada|Theravada Buddhism]] in [[Pagan Kingdom|Pagan Burma]] under the patronage of [[Narapatisithu]] are continued with the end of the [[Polonnaruwa–Pagan War|Polonnaruwa-Pagan War]].
* [[1182]]: [[Massacre of the Latins|Revolt]] of the people of [[Constantinople]] against the Latins, whom they massacre, proclaiming [[Andronicus I Comnenus]] as co-emperor.
* [[1183]]: On January 25, the final [[Peace of Constance]] between [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick Barbarossa]], the pope and the Lombard towns is signed, confirming the Peace of Venice of 1177.
* [[1183]]: On September 24, [[Andronicus I Comnenus]] has his nephew [[Alexius II Comnenus]] strangled.
* [[1184]]: On March 24, [[Queen Tamar]], [[King of Georgia]], accedes to the throne as sole ruler after reigning with her father, George III, for six years.
* [[1184]]: [[Diet of Pentecost]] organised by Emperor Frederick I in Mainz.
* [[1185]]: The [[Uprising of Asen and Peter]] against the Byzantine Empire leads to the [[Second Bulgarian Empire|restoration of the Bulgarian Empire]].
* [[1185]]: [[Andronicus I Comnenus]] is deposed and, on September 12,  executed as a result of the [[Normans|Norman]] massacre of the Greeks of [[Thessalonika]].
* [[1185]]: The cathedral school (Katedralskolan) in [[Lund]], Sweden, is founded. The school is the oldest in northern Europe and one of the oldest in all of Europe.
* [[1185]]: Beginning in this year the [[Kamakura shogunate]] deprives the [[emperor of Japan]] of political power.
* [[1186]]: On January 27, the future Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI marries [[Constance I of Sicily|Constance of Sicily]], the heiress to the Sicilian throne.
* [[1187]]: On July 4, in the [[Battle of Hattin]], [[Saladin]] defeats the king of [[Jerusalem]].
* [[1187]]: In August, the Swedish royal and commercial center [[Sigtuna]] is attacked by raiders from [[Karelia]], Couronia, and/or Estonia.<ref name="Tarvel">[[Enn Tarvel]] (2007). [http://haridus.opleht.ee/Arhiiv/7_82007/38-41.pdf ''Sigtuna hukkumine.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011191449/http://haridus.opleht.ee/Arhiiv/7_82007/38-41.pdf |date=2017-10-11 }} Haridus, 2007 (7-8), p 38–41</ref>
* [[1188]]: The Riah were introduced into the [[Jebala people|Habt]] and south of [[Tetouan]] by the [[Almohad]] caliph, [[Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur]], and Jochem and Acem were introduced in [[Chaouia (Morocco)|Tamesna]].<ref>{{Cite book|title = Notice sur les Arabes hilaliens|publisher = Ismaël Hamet|pages = 248}}</ref>
* [[1189]]: On September 3, Richard I is crowned King of England at Westminster.
* [[1189]]: On November 11, William II of Sicily dies and is succeeded by his illegitimate cousin [[Tancred, King of Sicily|Tancred, Count of Lecce]] instead of Constance.
* [[1189]]–[[1192]]: The [[Third Crusade]] is an attempt by European leaders to wrest the [[Holy Land]] from [[Saladin]].

===1190–1200===
[[Image:Richard coeurdelion g.jpg|thumb|[[Richard I of England]], or Richard the Lionheart.]]
* [[1190]]: On June 10, Emperor Frederick Barbarossa drowns in the River Salef, leaving the Crusader army under the command of the rivals [[Philip II of France]] and [[Richard I of England]], which ultimately leads to the dissolution of the army.
* [[1191]]: Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI attacked the Kingdom of Sicily from May to August but fails and withdrawn, with Empress Constance captured (released 1192).
* [[1191]]: On September 7, [[Saladin]] is defeated by [[Richard I]] of England at the [[Battle of Arsuf]].
* [[1192]]: In April, [[Isabella I of Jerusalem|Isabella I]] begins her reign as Christian Queen of the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]]
* [[1192]]: In the [[Battle of Jaffa (1192)|Battle of Jaffa]], King [[Richard the Lionheart]] defeats [[Saladin]].
* [[1192]]: In June, the [[Treaty of Ramla]] is signed by Saladin and Richard Lionheart. Under the terms of the agreement, Jerusalem will remain under Muslim control. However, the city will be open to Christian pilgrims. The Latin Kingdom is reduced to a coastal strip that extends from Tyre to Jaffa.
* [[1192]]: [[Minamoto no Yoritomo]] is appointed ''Sei-i Taishōgun'', "barbarian-subduing great general", ''shōgun'' for short, the first military dictator to bear this title.
* [[1192]]: Sultan [[Muhammad of Ghor|Shahābuddin Muhammad Ghori]] establishes the first [[List of Muslim states and dynasties|Muslim empire]] in India for 14 years (1192–1206) by defeating [[Prithviraj Chauhan]].
* [[1193]]: [[Nalanda]], the great Indian [[Buddhist]] educational centre, is destroyed.
*
* [[1194]]: Emperor Henry VI conquers the Kingdom of Sicily.
* [[1195]]: On June 16, the struggle of [[Battle of Shamkor|Shamqori]]. [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] forces annihilate the army of [[Abu Baqar]].
* [[1198]]: The brethren of the Crusader hospital in Acre are raised to a military order of knights, the [[Teutonic Knights]], formally known as the Order of the Knights of the Hospital of St. Mary of the Teutons in Jerusalem.
* [[1199]]: [[Pope Innocent III]] writes to [[Kaloyan]], inviting him to unite the [[Bulgarian Church]] with the [[Roman Catholic Church]].
* [[1200]]: Construction begins on the [[Grand Village of the Natchez]] near [[Natchez, Mississippi]]. This ceremonial center for the [[Natchez people]] is occupied and built until the early 17th century.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Francine Weiss and Mark R. Barnes |date=May 3, 1989 |title=National Register of Historic Places Registration: Grand Village of the Natchez Site / Fatherland Plantation Site (22-Ad-501) |url={{NHLS url|id=66000408}} |publisher=National Park Service |format=pdf}} and {{NHLS url|id=66000408|title=Accompanying 3 photos, from 1989.|photos=y}}&nbsp;{{small|(680&nbsp;KB)}}</ref>

=== Undated ===
[[Image:East-Hem 1200ad.jpg|thumb|300px|Eastern Hemisphere at the end of the 12th century]]
*China is under the [[Northern Song dynasty]]. Early in the century, [[Zhang Zeduan]] paints ''[[Along the River During the Qingming Festival]]''. It will later end up in the [[Palace Museum]], Beijing.
* In southeast Asia, there is conflict between the [[Khmer Empire]] and the [[Champa]]. [[Angkor Wat]] is built under the Hindu king [[Suryavarman II]]. By the end of the century, the Buddhist [[Jayavarman VII]] becomes the ruler.
* Japan is in its [[Heian period]]. The [[Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga]] is made and attributed to [[Toba Sōjō]]. It ends up at the [[Kōzan-ji]], [[Kyoto]].
* In Oceania, the [[Tuʻi Tonga Empire]] expands to a much greater area.
* Europe undergoes the [[Renaissance of the 12th century]]. The [[blast furnace]] for the smelting of [[cast iron]] is imported from China, appearing around [[Lapphyttan]], Sweden, as early as [[1150]].
* [[Alexander Neckam]] is the first European to document the mariner's [[compass]], first documented by [[Shen Kuo]] during the previous century.
* [[Christian humanism]] becomes a self-conscious philosophical tendency in Europe. Christianity is also introduced to [[Estonia]], [[Finland]], and [[Karelia]].
* The first [[medieval university|medieval universities]] are founded. [[Pierre Abelard]] teaches.
* [[Middle English]] begins to develop, and literacy begins to spread outside the Church throughout Europe.{{sfn|Warren|1961|p=129}} In addition, churchmen are increasingly willing to take on secular roles. By the end of the century, at least a third of England's bishops also act as royal judges in secular matters.{{sfn|Warren|1961|p=159}}
* The [[Ars antiqua]] period in the history of the [[medieval music]] of Western Europe begins.
* The earliest recorded [[miracle play]] is performed in [[Dunstable]], England.
* [[Gothic architecture]] and [[trouvère]] music begin in France.
* During the middle of the century, the [[Cappella Palatina]] is built in [[Palermo]], Sicily, and the ''[[Madrid Skylitzes]]'' manuscript illustrates the ''Synopsis of Histories'' by [[John Skylitzes]].
* Fire and plague insurance first become available in [[Iceland]], and the first documented outbreaks of [[influenza]] there happens.
* The medieval state of [[Serbia in the Middle Ages|Serbia]] is formed by [[Stefan Nemanja]] and then continued by the [[Nemanjić]] dynasty.
* By the end of the century, both the [[House of Capet|Capetian dynasty]] and the [[House of Plantagenet|House of Anjou]] are relying primarily on [[mercenaries]] in their militaries. Paid soldiers are available year-round, unlike knights who expected certain periods off to maintain their [[manorialism|manor lifestyles]].{{sfn|Warren|1961|p=60-61}}
* In India, [[Hoysala architecture]] reaches its peak.
* In the Middle East, the [[icon]] of [[Theotokos of Vladimir]] is painted probably in [[Constantinople]]. Everything but the faces will later be retouched, and the icon will go to the [[Tretyakov Gallery]] of Moscow.
* The [[Georgians|Georgian]] poet [[Shota Rustaveli]] composes his epic poem ''[[The Knight in the Panther's Skin]]''.
* [[Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi]] founds his "school of illumination".
* In [[North Africa]], the [[kasbah]] of [[Marrakesh]] is built, including the city gate [[Bab Agnaou]] and the [[Koutoubia]] mosque.
* In [[sub-Saharan Africa]], [[Kente cloth]] is first woven.
* In [[France]], the first [[piedfort]] coins were minted.
* The city of [[Tula (Mesoamerican site)|Tula]] burns down, marking the end of the [[Toltec Empire]]
* In [[West Africa]] the [[Ife Empire]] is established.

== Inventions, discoveries, and introductions by year ==
{{See also|Timeline of historic inventions#12th century}}
* [[1104]]: The [[Venice Arsenal]] of [[Venice]], Italy, is founded. It employed some 16,000 people for the [[mass production]] of sailing ships in large [[assembly line]]s, hundreds of years before the [[Industrial Revolution]].
* [[1106]]: Finished building of [[Gelati Monastery|Gelati]].
* [[1107]]: The Chinese engineer Wu Deren combines the mechanical [[compass]] vehicle of the [[south-pointing chariot]] with the distance-measuring [[odometer]] device.
* [[1111]]: The Chinese [[Donglin Academy]] is founded.
* [[1165]]: The [[Liuhe Pagoda]] of [[Hangzhou]], China, is built.
* [[1170]]: The Roman Catholic notion of [[Purgatory]] is defined.<ref>{{cite book |last=Le Goff |first=Jacques |url=https://archive.org/details/birthofpurgatory0000lego |title=The Birth of Purgatory |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1986 |isbn=0226470822 |location=Chicago |url-access=registration}}</ref>
* [[1185]]: First record of [[windmills]].

==References==
{{commons category}}
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |title=King John |first=Wilfred Lewis |last=Warren |author-link=Wilfred Lewis Warren |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=1961 |pages=362 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M1DjPCSPCF0C |isbn=9780520036437}}

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