Editing 1299

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2011}}
{{about|the year 1299|the motorcycle|Ducati 1299}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2017}}
{{Year nav|1299}}
{{C13 year in topic}} 
[[File:Osman Gazi2.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|Sultan [[Osman I]] (r. 1299–1324)]]
[[File:Mongol raids into Syria and Palestine ca 1300.svg|upright=1.35|thumb|[[Mongol invasions of the Levant]] (1299–1303). [[Battle of Wadi al-Khaznadar]] is located at 3rd Homs ([[Homs]]), in [[Syria]].]]
Year '''1299''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCCXCIX]]''') was a [[common year starting on Thursday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>
=== By place ===

==== Europe ====
* [[July 4]] &ndash; [[Battle of Cape Orlando]]: An Aragonese-Angevin fleet (some 60 galleys) led by Admiral [[Roger of Lauria]] defeats a Sicilian fleet near [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]]. During the battle, the larger Aragonese fleet is trapped on a [[lee shore]], but can exploit the situation with the intervention of its 6 reserve galleys. The Sicilians flee when the flagship, with King [[Frederick III of Sicily]] on board, pulls back after he collapses from heat exhaustion. Lauria captures 18 Sicilian ships, and orders the massacre of their crews to avenge the death of his nephew at the hands of Frederick.<ref>Rodgers, William Ledyard (1967). ''Naval Warfare Under Oars, 4th to 16th Centuries: A Study of Strategy, Tactics and Ship Design'', p. 141. Naval Institute Press.</ref> 
* [[July 31]] &ndash; [[Republic of Pisa|Pisa]] and [[Republic of Genoa|Genoa]] agree to a thirty-year truce. Part of the treaty includes the end of the Pisan military support to Genoa's enemies in [[Corsica]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Cancelleri|first=J.-A.|title=Sinucello della Rocca|url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/sinucello-della-rocca_(Dizionario-Biografico)/|work=Dizionario biografico|access-date=20 December 2011}}</ref>
* [[November 10]] &ndash; [[John I, Count of Holland|John I]], count of [[County of Holland|Holland]], dies and is succeeded by his uncle [[John II, Count of Holland|John II]]. He establishes a [[personal union]] with the [[County of Hainaut]].
* [[December 1]] &ndash; [[Battle of Falconaria]]: Sicilian forces under King [[Frederick III of Sicily|Frederick II]] defeat [[Philip I of Taranto]]. During the battle, Philip is taken prisoner.

==== British Isles ====
* [[September 8]] &ndash; [[Edward I of England]] ("Longshanks") marries the 19-year-old [[Margaret of France, Queen of England|Margaret of France]], the half-sister of King [[Philip IV of France|Philip IV]] ("the Fair").
* [[William Wallace]] accompanied by a Scottish retinue goes abroad to [[France in the Middle Ages|France]] on a diplomatic mission, evidently to canvas support for the kingship of [[John Balliol]].<ref>Armstrong, Pete (2003). ''Stirling Bridge & Falkirk 1297–98''. Osprey. p. 80. {{ISBN|1-84176-510-4}}.</ref>
* [[Southampton Old Bowling Green]] is established in [[Southampton]]. It is the oldest surviving [[bowling green]].<ref>{{cite news |title=720 years on Southampton Old Bowling Green rolls on! |url=https://theleader.info/2019/10/23/720-years-on-southampton-old-bowling-green-rolls-on/ |access-date=17 July 2022 |work=The Leader |date=23 October 2019 |location=Spain |quote=“The Southampton Old Bowling Green was established during the reign of Richard I, and first used for a game of bowls in 1299,” said Margaret, who has played at the Lower Canal Walk and Platform Road club.}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media | people = | date = 18 July 1927 | title = On The World's Oldest Bowling Green | type = Motion picture | language = English | url = https://www.britishpathe.com/video/on-the-worlds-oldest-bowling-green | access-date = 17 July 2022 | format = | time = | publisher = British Pathé | oclc = | quote = On the World's oldest bowling green (AD 1299). Sir John Russell installs "Sir" W. Day, 1927's winner over 350 year old competition for honour of knighthood of the Green.}}</ref>

==== Levant ====
* December &ndash; Mongol forces (some 10,000 men) led by [[Ghazan|Ghazan Khan]] cross the [[Euphrates|Euphrates River]] and invade [[Syria]]. They continue south, and successfully take [[Aleppo]]. There, Ghazan is joined by forces from his vassal state of [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia|Cilician Armenia]]. King [[Hethum II of Armenia|Hethum II]] leads the Armenian army (which includes [[Knights Templar|Templar]] and [[Knights Hospitaller|Hospitaller]] knights). He participates during the Mongol offensive and regains all the Armenian territories which have previously been lost to the Mamluks.<ref>Kurkjian, Vahan M. (1958). ''A History of Armenia'', pp. 204–205. Indo-European Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1-60444-012-6}}.</ref>
* [[December 22]]&ndash;[[December 23|23]] &ndash; [[Battle of Wadi al-Khaznadar]]: Mongol forces under Ghazan Khan defeat a Mamluk army (some 30,000 men) north of [[Homs]]. Sultan [[Al-Nasir Muhammad]] flees with the remnants of his army to [[Damascus]]. Ghazan splits his forces, one part sacks Damascus and besieges the [[Citadel of Damascus|citadel]]. Another part pursues the retreating Mamluks as far as [[Gaza City|Gaza]], pushing them back to [[Egypt in the Middle Ages|Egypt]].<ref>Demurger, Alain (2007). ''Jacques de Molay'' (in French), p. 142. Editions Payot & Rivages. {{ISBN|978-2-228-90235-9}}.</ref>

==== Asia ====
* Spring &ndash; [[Mongol invasions of India|Mongol invasion of India]]: [[Duwa|Duwa Khan]], Mongol ruler of the [[Chagatai Khanate]], sends his sons [[Qutlugh Khwaja]] and [[Duwa Temür]] with an army of some 50,000 horsemen over the border. The Mongols bypass villages to maximize speed, intending to strike directly at [[Delhi]] itself. At the [[Yamuna|Jumna River]], Mongol forces under Qutlugh defeated [[Zafar Khan (Indian general)|Zafar Khan]], and are forced to retreat to Delhi. News of the defeat causes thousands to abandon their homes, the capital is soon flooded with refugees. The streets, the markets and the mosques become overcrowded. Meanwhile, the merchant caravans headed for Delhi are interrupted by the Mongols.<ref>Kishori Saran Lal (1968). ''History of the Khaljis (1290–1320)'', p. 156. Allahabad: The Indian Press. {{OCLC|685167335}}.</ref>
* [[February 25]] &ndash; Sultan [[Alauddin Khalji]] orders the army (some 35,000 men) to prepare for the march to [[Gujarat]]. One part of the army under [[Nusrat Khan Jalesari|Nusrat Khan]] starts its march from Delhi. Another part, led by [[Ulugh Khan]], marches from [[Sindh]] and attacks [[Jaisalmer]] along the way. When the army returns from raiding Gujarat, Mongol soldiers stage a mutiny over payment of ''[[khums]]'' (one-fifth of the share of loot). The mutiny is crushed, the mutineer families in Delhi are punished and executed.<ref>Jackson, Peter (2003). ''The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History'', p. 195. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-54329-3}}.</ref><ref>Kishori Saran Lal (1968). ''History of the Khaljis (1290–1320)'', p. 88. Allahabad: The Indian Press. {{OCLC|685167335}}.</ref>
* Mongol invasion of India: [[Battle of Kili]]: Alauddin Khalji raises forces (some 70,000 men with 700 elephants) and attacks the Mongols under Qutlugh Khwaja north of Delhi. Zafar Khan, looking to avenge his defeat on the River Jumna, leads the first charge, attacking the Mongol left flank, which breaks before him. Zafar gives chase to drive them from the field – but he is ambushed by a feigned retreat. He is captured and executed with all his men. Qutlugh is wounded in battle and dies during the return journey.<ref>Jackson, Peter (2003). ''The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History'', pp. 221–222. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-54329-3}}.</ref>
* [[May 10]] &ndash; King [[Kyawswa of Pagan]] and his son, Crown Prince [[Theingapati]], are executed at [[Kyaukse District|Myinsaing]], by the three brothers of the [[Myinsaing Kingdom]] (nominally Kyawswa's viceroys), for submitting and being a vassal to the Mongol-led [[Yuan dynasty]] (since [[1297]]). 
* [[July 27]] &ndash; [[Osman I]] (or Othman) declares the [[Anatolian beyliks|Anatolian beylik]] (principality) to be independent of the Seljuk [[Sultanate of Rum]], originating the [[Ottoman Empire]]. Osman becomes the founder and the first ruler, with [[Söğüt]] as the capital, which will last until the [[1920s]].
* The [[Kingdom of Singapura]] is founded by [[Sang Nila Utama]], a Srivijaya prince. Upon his coronation, he adopts the official title ''Sri Tri Buana'' (translated as "Lord of Three Worlds").<ref>Miksic John N. (2013). ''Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300–1800'', p. 148. NUS Press. {{ISBN|978-9971695743}}.</ref>

=== By topic ===

==== Cities and towns ====
* [[April 1]] &ndash; [[Kingston upon Hull]] is granted city status in England by [[royal charter]] of Edward I.

==== Literature ====
* Approximate date &ndash; [[Rustichello da Pisa]] completes taking down ''[[The Travels of Marco Polo]]'' from Marco while they are both imprisoned in [[Genoa]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Hoffman|first= Donald L.|editor-last=Lacy|editor-first=Norris J.|editor-link= Norris J. Lacy|encyclopedia=The New Arthurian Encyclopedia|title=Rusticiano da Pisa|year=1991|publisher=Garland|location=New York|isbn=0-8240-4377-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/newarthurianency00lacy/page/392 392]|url=https://archive.org/details/newarthurianency00lacy/page/392}}</ref>

==== Markets ====
* King [[Edward I of England]] is recorded as borrowing from Italian merchants. He obtains a loan of 2,000 pollard marks, from agents of the [[Frescobaldi]] Firm in [[London]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ferris|first=Eleanor|title=The Financial Relations of the Knights Templars to the English Crown|journal=American Historical Review|year=1902|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–17 |doi=10.2307/1832571|jstor=1832571}}</ref>

==== Religion ====
* [[June 27]] &ndash; [[Pope Boniface VIII]] issues the papal bull "Scimus, Fili" condemning Edward I of England's invasion and occupation of [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Michael|last=Brown|title=The Wars of Scotland 1214–1371|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=0748612378|year=2004|pages=192, 280}}</ref>

==== Science and technology ====
* The [[spinning wheel]] is now in widespread use in [[Kingdom of England|England]] for manufacturing woolen yarn.<ref>Williams, Hywel (2005). ''Cassell's Chronology of World History'', p. 152. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. {{ISBN|0-304-35730-8}}.</ref></onlyinclude>

== Births ==
* [[May 15]] &ndash; [[Henry the Friendly]], German [[Nobility|nobleman]] and knight (d. [[1327]])
* [[June 24]] &ndash; [[John de Verdon, 1st Baron Verdon|John de Verdon]], English nobleman and knight (d. [[1376]])
* [[August 15]] &ndash; [[Ralph de Greystoke, 1st Baron Greystoke|Ralph de Greystoke]], English landowner (d. [[1323]])
* [[November 1]] &ndash; [[Elizabeth de Comyn]], English noblewoman (d. [[1372]])
* [[November 2]] &ndash; [[Alfonso IV of Aragon|Alfonso IV]] ("the Gentle"), king of [[Kingdom of Aragon|Aragon]] (d. [[1336]])
* ''unknown dates''
** [[Akashi Kakuichi]], Japanese [[Buddhism in Japan|Buddhist]] monk and musician (d. [[1371]])
** [[Dmitry of Tver]], Russian nobleman and Grand Prince (d. [[1326]])
** [[Galeotto I Malatesta|Galeotto I Malatesta]], Italian nobleman and knight (''[[condottiero]]'') (d. [[1385]])
** [[Henry II, Landgrave of Hesse]] ("the Iron"), German nobleman and [[regent]] (d. 1376)

== Deaths ==
* [[January 16]] &ndash; [[Lajin]], Egyptian ruler of the [[Mamluk Sultanate]]
* [[April 10]] &ndash; [[Malik ibn al-Murahhal]], Moroccan poet (b. [[1207]])
* [[May 10]]
** [[Kyawswa of Pagan|Kyawswa]], Burmese ruler of the [[Pagan Kingdom]] (b. [[1260]])
** [[Theingapati]], Burmese prince and heir (Pagan Kingdom)
* [[May 17]] &ndash; [[Daumantas of Pskov]], Lithuanian prince (b. [[1240]])
* [[July 15]] &ndash; [[Eric II of Norway|Eric II]] (Magnusson), king of [[Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)|Norway]] (b. [[1268]])
* [[August 1]]  
** [[Conrad of Lichtenberg]], German bishop (b. 1240) 
** [[Wolfert I van Borselen]], Dutch nobleman and regent
* [[August 15]] &ndash; [[Henry of Newark]], English clerk and archbishop
* [[September 23]] &ndash; [[Nicolas de Nonancourt]], French chancellor
* [[October 8]] &ndash; [[Jakuen]], Japanese disciple and scholar (b. 1207)
* [[October 12]] &ndash; [[John II, Lord of Mecklenburg|John II]], German nobleman, knight and regent
* [[November 10]] &ndash; [[John I, Count of Holland|John I of Holland]], Dutch nobleman (b. [[1284]])
* [[November 19]] &ndash; [[Mechthild of Hackeborn|Mechtilde]], German noblewoman and mystic
* [[December 9]] &ndash; [[Bohemond I (archbishop of Trier)|Bohemond I]], German knight and archbishop 
* [[December 31]] 
** [[Margaret, Countess of Anjou|Margaret of Anjou]], French noblewoman (b. [[1272]])
** [[Ralph Basset, 1st Lord Basset of Drayton|Ralph Basset]], English nobleman and governor

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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