Editing 1298

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{{About year|1298}}
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[[File:The Bishop of Durham's Charge at Falkirk.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|The English cavalry under [[Antony Bek (bishop of Durham)|Antony Bek]] charges the Scottish forces at [[Falkirk]].]]
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Year '''1298''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCCXCVIII]]''') was a [[common year starting on Wednesday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>
=== By place ===

==== Europe ====
* [[April 20]] &ndash; [[Rintfleisch massacres|Rindfleisch massacres]]: The Jews of [[Röttingen]] are [[Burned at the stake|burned]] en masse. The [[Colmar]] Dominican Rudolph (refers to him in Latin as a ''carnifex'', i.e. butcher or executioner) goes from town to town and kills all the Jews that fall under his control. He destroys the Jewish communities at [[Rothenburg ob der Tauber]], [[Würzburg]], [[Bamberg]], [[Dinkelsbühl]], [[Nördlingen]] and [[Forchheim]]. In the [[Free Imperial City of Nuremberg]], the Jews thought to seek refuge in the [[Nuremberg Castle]], which are assisted by Christian citizens. But Rindfleisch overcomes the defenders and massacres the Jews, on [[August 1]]. Spreading from [[Franconia]] to Bavaria and [[Austria]], Rindfleisch and his persecutors destroy 146 communities, and some 20,000 - 100,000 Jews are killed.<ref>Haim Beinart (1981). ''Carta's Atlas of the Jewish people in the Middle Ages''. Carta Jerusalem. {{ISBN|965-220-035-2}}.</ref>
* [[June 1]] &ndash; [[Battle of Turaida]]: Forces of the [[Livonian Order]] are decisively defeated near [[Turaida Castle]] by the residents of [[Riga]], allied with the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] under [[Vytenis]]. After their defeat, the Livonians receive reinforcements from the [[Teutonic Order]] and defeat the residents of Riga and Lithuanians near [[Ādaži|Neuermühlen]], on [[June 28]]. The knights proceed with their campaign, and besiege and capture Riga. In response, King [[Eric VI of Denmark]] ("Menved") threatens to invade [[Livonia]], but a truce is reached and the conflict is mediated by [[Pope Boniface VIII]].<ref>Wyatt, Walter James (1876). ''The history of Prussia: from the earliest times to the present day'', pp. 327–329. Vol 1. London: Longmans, Green and co. {{OCLC|1599888}}.</ref>
* [[July 2]] &ndash; [[Battle of Göllheim]]: German forces of Duke [[Albert I of Germany|Albert I]] defeat King [[Adolf, King of the Romans|Adolf of Nassau]] at [[Göllheim]] over the prince electors' decision, without electoral act – to dethrone Adolf and proclaim Albert the new ruler of [[Kingdom of Germany|Germany]] at [[Frankfurt]], on [[July 27]]. During the battle, Adolf is killed and his army is destroyed with the loss of 3,000 horses.<ref name="Cassell's Chronology no page">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|url=https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will|url-access=registration|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|location=London}}</ref>
* [[September 9]] &ndash; [[Battle of Curzola]]: The Genoese fleet (some 80 galleys) led by Admiral [[Lamba Doria]] defeats the Venetian fleet at [[Korčula|Curzola]]. The disaster is almost complete for [[Republic of Venice|Venice]]: 83 of the 95 galleys are destroyed and some 7,000 men are killed. During the battle, [[Marco Polo]], commanding one of the Venetian ships, is captured.<ref>Nicol, Donald M. (1988). ''Byzantium and Venice: A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-34157-4}}.</ref>
* After a year's siege, the revolting Italian commune of [[Palestrina]] near [[Rome]] surrenders to the Papal forces, razed to the ground and [[Salting the earth|salted]] by order of Boniface VIII, in an act of ''[[debellatio]]''.<ref>Chamberlin E. R. (1969). ''[[The Bad Popes]]'', pp. 102–104. Chapter III: "The Lord of Europe". {{ISBN|0-88029-116-8}}.</ref>

==== British Isles ====
* Summer &ndash; King [[Edward I of England]] ("Longshanks") marches from [[Newcastle upon Tyne]] with his household to [[Alnwick]] and then by way of [[Chillingham, Northumberland|Chillingham]] to [[Roxburgh]] in Scotland, where he joins the army in July. He proceeds to Lauderdale and encamps at [[Kirkliston]], to the west of [[Edinburgh]], where he remains from [[July 15]] to [[July 20]]. The army is accompanied by a long train of supply wagons. Meanwhile, English supply ships, delayed by bad weather, bring food to [[Leith]].<ref>Armstrong, Pete (2003). Osprey: ''Stirling Bridge & Falkirk 1297–98'', pp. 62–63. {{ISBN|1-84176-510-4}}.</ref> 
* [[July 22]] &ndash; [[Battle of Falkirk]]: English forces (some 15,000 men) led by Edward I defeat a Scottish army led by [[William Wallace]] at [[Falkirk]]. During the battle, the English knights drive off the Scottish horse and archers, but cannot break the pikemen in the center. The Scottish pikemen are formed in four great "hedgehogs" (known as [[schiltron]]) but are destroyed by English [[longbow]] archers.<ref name="Cassell's Chronology no page" />

==== Asia ====
* [[Mongol invasion of India (1297–1298)|Mongol invasion of India]]: Mongol forces led by [[Qutlugh Khwaja]] invade the [[Sindh]] region of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] and occupy the castle of [[Sehwan|Sivistan]] (modern [[Pakistan]]). Sultan [[Alauddin Khalji]] sends an army under [[Zafar Khan (Indian general)|Zafar Khan]], who defeats the Mongols, on [[February 6]]. Some 20,000 Mongols are killed in the ensuing battle. The survivors are put into chains and brought to [[Delhi]], where they are [[Execution by elephant|trampled to death]] by elephants.<ref>Banarsi Prasad Saksena (1992). "The Khalijs: Alauddin Khalij", p. 332. In Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (ed.). ''A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526''). Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress/People's Publishing House. {{OCLC|31870180}}.</ref>
* [[August 30]] &ndash; [[Emperor Fushimi]] abdicates the throne after an 11-year reign. He is succeeded by his 10-year-old son [[Emperor Go-Fushimi|Go-Fushimi]] as the 93rd [[emperor of Japan]] (until [[1301]]).

=== By topic ===

==== Cities and towns ====
* [[August 1]] &ndash; The "ideal city" of [[Marciac]] in southern [[France]] is founded by King [[Philip IV of France|Philip IV]] ("the Fair") and his Seneschal Guichard de Marzé (or Marciac).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bastides.library.cornell.edu/marciac|title=Marciac – John Reps Bastides Collection|website=bastides.library.cornell.edu|access-date=2016-04-28}}</ref>

==== Markets ====
* The foreign creditors of the Sienese [[Gran Tavola]] Bank start demanding their deposits back, thus accelerating the liquidity crisis faced by the firm.<ref name=biografico>{{cite web|last=Catoni|first=Giuliano|title=BONSIGNORI|url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/bonsignori_(Dizionario-Biografico)/|work=Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani|access-date=December 20, 2011}}</ref>

==== Religion ====
* [[Ambrose]], [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustine]], [[Jerome]] and [[Pope Gregory I]] are named the first [[Doctor of the Church|Doctors of the Church]]. They are known collectively as the Great Doctors of the Western Church.

==== Technology ====
* [[Wang Zhen (inventor)|Wang Zhen]], Chinese inventor and politician, invents a wooden [[movable type]] [[printing]] ([[Bi Sheng]] invented ceramic movable type in the 11th century).</onlyinclude>

== Births ==
* [[August 9]] &ndash; [[Robert Ufford, 1st Earl of Suffolk|Robert Ufford]], English [[Nobility|nobleman]] and admiral (d. [[1369]])
* [[August 25]] &ndash; [[Queen Gongwon|Gongwon]], Korean queen consort of [[Goryeo]] (d. [[1380]])
* [[December 12]] &ndash; [[Albert II, Duke of Austria]] ("the Lame"), German nobleman (d. [[1358]])
* [[Andrew Murray (soldier)|Andrew Murray]], Scottish nobleman, knight and politician (d. [[1338]])
* [[Angelo Acciaioli (bishop)|Angelo Acciaioli]], Italian nobleman, cleric, friar and bishop (d. [[1357]])
* [[Bernat II de Cabrera]], Aragonese nobleman and diplomat (d. [[1364]])
* [[Charles, Duke of Calabria|Charles of Calabria]], Italian nobleman and Vicar-General (d. [[1328]])
* [[Edmond de Burgh]], Norman nobleman ([[House of Burgh]]) (d. 1338)
* [[Elizabeth of Carinthia, Queen of Sicily|Elizabeth of Carinthia]], Sicilian queen consort and [[regent]] (d. [[1352]])
* [[Everhard II van Limburg Hohenlimburg|Everhard II of Limburg]], German nobleman and co-ruler (d. [[1344]])
* [[Kunigunde of Poland]], Polish princess ([[Piast dynasty|House of Piast]]) (d. [[1331]])
* [[Peter, Count of Dreux|Peter I of Dreux]], French nobleman ([[House of Dreux]]) (d. [[1345]])
* [[Qvarqvare I Jaqeli|Qvarqvare I]], Georgian nobleman and prince (''[[mtavari]]'') (d. [[1361]])
* [[Zhou Boqi]], Chinese magistrate, calligrapher and poet (d. 1369)

== Deaths ==
* [[January 2]] &ndash; [[Lodomer]], Hungarian [[prelate]] and archbishop
* [[March 14]] &ndash; [[Peter John Olivi]], French theologian (b. [[1248]])
* [[March 25]] &ndash; [[Siegfried I, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst]], German prince ([[House of Ascania]])
* March 25 or [[March 27]] &ndash; [[William of Louth]] (or de Luda), English bishop
* [[April 8]] &ndash; [[Andrew Moray (justiciar)|Andrew Moray]], Scottish nobleman and justiciar
* [[April 17]]
** [[Albrecht II, Count of Hohenberg-Rotenburg]], German nobleman and governor (b. [[1235]])
** [[Árni Þorláksson]], Icelandic cleric and bishop (b. [[1237]])
* [[May 4]] &ndash; [[Frederick VI, Count of Zollern]], German nobleman, knight and co-ruler
* [[May 22]] &ndash; [[Robert de Tiptoft]], Norman landowner and governor
* [[June 11]] &ndash; [[Yolanda of Poland]], Hungarian princess (b. 1235)
* [[July 2]] &ndash; [[Adolf, King of the Romans|Adolf of Nassau]], king of [[Kingdom of Germany|Germany]] ([[House of Nassau]])
* [[July 13]] or [[July 16]] &ndash; [[Jacobus de Voragine]], Italian archbishop
* [[July 22]] 
** [[John de Graham]], Scottish nobleman ([[Clan Graham]])
** [[John Stewart (knight, died 1298)|John Stewart]], Scottish nobleman ([[Clan Stewart]])
** [[Macduff of Fife]], Scottish nobleman ([[Clan MacDuff]])
* [[July 23]] &ndash; [[Thoros III]] (or Toros), king of [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia|Cilician Armenia]] (b. [[1271]])
* [[August 1]] &ndash; [[Mordechai ben Hillel]], German Jewish [[rabbi]] (b. [[1250]])
* [[August 25]] &ndash; [[Albert II, Duke of Saxony]], German nobleman and co-ruler 
* [[August 28]] &ndash; [[William Houghton (bishop)|William Houghton]], English diplomat and archbishop
* [[August 29]] &ndash; [[Eleanor of England, Countess of Bar]], daughter of [[Edward I of England|Edward I]] (b. [[1269]])
* [[September 9]] &ndash; [[Andrea Dandolo (admiral)|Andrea Dandolo]], Venetian nobleman and admiral
* [[September 29]] &ndash; [[Guido I da Montefeltro]], Italian military strategist
* [[December 31]] &ndash; [[Humphrey de Bohun, 3rd Earl of Hereford]], English nobleman (b. [[1249]]) 
* [[Aimery IV of Narbonne]], Italian nobleman and knight (''[[condottiero]]'')
* [[Elisabeth of Wetzikon]], Swiss noblewoman and [[abbess]] (b. 1235)
* [[Euphrosyne of Greater Poland]], Polish princess (House of Piast)
* [[Ibn Wasil]], Ayyubid scholar, judge, diplomat and writer (b. [[1208]])
* [[Jacopo del Cassero]], Italian nobleman and magistrate (b. [[1260]])
* [[John of Genoa]] (Johannes Balbus), Italian priest, grammarian and writer
* [[John of Procida]], Italian scholar, physician and diplomat (b. [[1210]])
* [[Lourenço Soares de Valadares]], Portuguese nobleman (b. [[1230]])
* [[Mugai Nyodai]], Japanese nun, abbess and [[Zen Master]] (b. [[1223]])
* [[Otto V, Margrave of Brandenburg-Salzwedel|Otto V]] ("the Tall"), German nobleman, knight and regent (b. [[1246]])
* [[Smilets of Bulgaria]], Bulgarian emperor (''[[tsar]]'') ([[Smilets dynasty|House of Smilets]])
* [[Thomas the Rhymer]], Scottish nobleman (''[[laird]]''), knight and poet
* [[Thomas Weyland]], English landowner, lawyer and administrator
* [[William de Beauchamp, 9th Earl of Warwick]], English nobleman and knight (b. [[1238]])
* [[William le Hardi, Lord of Douglas]] ("the Bold"), Scottish nobleman and warlord 
* [[Yang Hui]] (or Qianguang), Chinese mathematician and writer
* [[Yaqut al-Musta'simi]], Abbasid [[eunuch]], calligrapher and writer

== References ==
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