Editing 1295

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2011}}
{{About year|1295}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2017}}
{{Year nav|1295}}
{{C13 year in topic}} 
[[File:María de Molina presenta a su hijo a las Cortes de Valladolid 1863 Antonio Gisbert Pérez.JPG|upright=1.35|thumb|Queen [[María de Molina]] shows her son [[Ferdinand IV of Castile]] in the ''Cortes'' at [[Valladolid]].]]
Year '''1295''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCCXCV]]''') was a [[common year starting on Saturday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>

=== By place ===

==== Europe ====
* [[April 25]] &ndash; King [[Sancho IV of Castile]] ("the Brave") dies of a fatal illness (possibly [[tuberculosis]]), after a 11-year reign at [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]]. He is succeeded by his 9-year-old son [[Ferdinand IV of Castile|Ferdinand IV]] ("the Summoned") as ruler of [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]] and [[Kingdom of León|León]]. In the ''Cortes'' at [[Valladolid]], [[Henry of Castile the Senator]] is appointed guardian of Ferdinand, while Queen [[María de Molina]] becomes his [[regent]]. During the summer, Ferdinand is betrothed to the 5-year-old Princess [[Constance of Portugal]]. Hostilities between Castile and King [[Denis of Portugal]] ("the Poet King") are ended by a peace agreement.<ref>O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2011). ''The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait'', p. 111. {{ISBN|978-0-8122-2302-6}}.</ref>
* [[June 20]] &ndash; [[Treaty of Anagni]]: [[Pope Boniface VIII]] arranges a peace treaty between King [[Philip IV of France]] ("the Fair"), [[Charles II of Naples]] ("the Lame"), and [[James II of Majorca]]. James returns [[Sicily]] to the [[Papal States]], seeking to bring peace between the [[Capetian House of Anjou]] and the [[Kingdom of Sicily]]; the effort is in vain.<ref>Williams, Hywel (2005). ''Cassell's Chronology of World History'', p. 151. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. {{ISBN|0-304-35730-8}}.</ref> Boniface is determined to put an end to the [[War of the Sicilian Vespers]], because he wants to declare a new Crusade for the reconquest of the [[Holy Land]].<ref>Housley, Norman (1982). ''The Italian Crusades: The Papal-Angevin Alliance and the Crusades against Christian Lay Powers, 1254–1343'', p. 93. Clarendon Press. {{ISBN|0-19-821925-3}}.</ref>
* [[June 26]] &ndash; [[Przemysł II]] is crowned king of [[Poland]] at [[Gniezno]], the first coronation of a Polish ruler in 219 years. Przemysł travels to [[Pomerelia]] where he confirms the privileges of the monasteries in [[Oliwa]] and [[Żarnowiec]]. He also visits other major cities: [[Gdańsk]], [[Tczew]] and [[Świecie]]. In August, Przemysł returns to [[Greater Poland]] but in October he travels again to Gdańsk.<ref>Brzezinski, Richard (1998). ''History of Poland – Poland Divided'', p. 23. {{ISBN|83-7212-019-6}}.</ref> 
* [[July 22]] &ndash; [[War of Curzola]]: Genoese raids on the Venetian quarter in [[Constantinople]] lead to a formal declaration of war with the [[Republic of Venice]]. A Venetian fleet (some 40 war galleys) attacks [[Galata]], the quarter of the Genoese merchants. Emperor [[Andronikos II Palaiologos]] arrests surviving Venetians in the capital and joins the war with the [[Republic of Genoa]].<ref>Madden, Thomas (2012). ''Venice: A New History'', p. 181. Penguin Group. {{ISBN|9780147509802}}.</ref>
* [[Marco Polo]] returns to [[Venice]] after 24 years of travel in [[China]]. When the Polos arrive, Venice is engaged in a naval war with the rival city of [[Genoa]]. Marco joins the war and arms a galley equipped with a [[trebuchet]].<ref>Nicol, Donald M (1992). '' Byzantium and Venice: a study in diplomatic and cultural relations'', p. 219. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-42894-1}}.</ref>
* [[October 23]] &ndash; The first treaty forming the [[Auld Alliance]] ("Old Alliance"), between [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] and [[France during the Middle Ages|France]] against [[Kingdom of England|England]], is signed in [[Paris]] by Kings [[John Balliol]] and Philip IV.<ref>Armstrong, Pete (2003). Osprey: ''Stirling Bridge & Falkirk 1297–98'', p. 15. {{ISBN|1-84176-510-4}}.</ref>

==== Britain ====
* [[March 5]] &ndash; [[Battle of Maes Moydog]]: English forces led by [[William de Beauchamp, 9th Earl of Warwick]] defeat the Welsh rebels (some 700 men), near the modern-day town of [[Llanfair Caereinion]] in [[Wales]]. In a night attack on the Welsh infantry, William uses cavalry to drive them into compact formations, which are then shot up by his archers. [[Madog ap Llywelyn]], proclaimed "[[Prince of Wales]]", and the remnants of his army are routed and retreat across the [[River Banwy|Banwy River]], in which many drown.<ref>Jones, Craig Owen (2008). ''Compact History of Welsh Heroes: The Revolt of Madog ap Llywelyn'', p. 166. Publisher: Llygad Gwalch Cyf. {{ISBN|9781845240752}}.</ref>  
* [[November 13]] &ndash; King [[Edward I of England]] ("Longshanks") summons the [[Model Parliament]] to [[Westminster]], the composition of which serves as a model for later parliaments. The parliament agrees that a tax can be raised to allow him to launch campaigns against France and the rebellious Scots for the forthcoming year.<ref name="Cassell's Chronology">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|url=https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/150|url-access=registration|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/150 150–152]}}</ref>
* Construction begins on [[Beaumaris Castle]] in [[Anglesey]] under the direction of [[James of Saint George]] as part of the [[conquest of Wales by Edward I]].<ref>Pounds, N. J. G. (1994). ''The Medieval Castle in England and Wales: A Social and Political History'', p. 147. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-45099-7}}.</ref>

==== Asia ====
* [[October 4]] &ndash; Mongol leader [[Baydu]] Khan is executed after a 7-month reign at [[Tabriz]]. He is succeeded by [[Ghazan]], who becomes ruler of the [[Ilkhanate]]. He converts to [[Islam]], ending a line of [[Vajrayana]] (Tantric Buddhist) leaders.
* King [[Jayavarman VIII]] is overthrown after a 52-year reign. He is succeeded by his son-in-law [[Indravarman III]] as ruler of the [[Khmer Empire]] (modern [[Cambodia]]).</onlyinclude>

== Births ==
''some dates approximate''
* [[March 21]] &ndash; [[Henry Suso]], German priest, mystic and writer (d. [[1366]])
* [[September 16]] &ndash; [[Elizabeth de Clare]], English noblewoman (d. [[1360]])
* [[Catherine of Austria, Duchess of Calabria|Catherine of Austria]], German noblewoman and princess (d. [[1323]])
* [[Egill Eyjólfsson]], Icelandic deacon, scholar and bishop (d. [[1341]])
* [[Giovanni Colonna (cardinal, 1295–1348)|Giovanni Colonna]], Italian cardinal ([[Colonna family|House of Colonna]]) (d. [[1348]])
* [[Hōjō Moritoki]], Japanese [[Nobility|nobleman]] and [[regent]] (''[[shikken]]'') (d. [[1333]])
* [[Joan of Flanders, Countess of Montfort|Joanna of Flanders]], Flemish noblewoman and regent (d. [[1374]])
* [[John III, Count of Dreux|John III]], French nobleman and knight ([[House of Dreux]]) (d. [[1331]])
* [[John of Montfort]], French nobleman ([[House of Montfort]]) (d. [[1345]])
* [[Juan Alfonso de la Cerda]], French nobleman and knight (d. [[1347]])
* [[Margaret of Valois, Countess of Blois|Margaret of Valois]], French noblewoman and princess (d. [[1342]])
* [[Nicephorus Gregoras]], Byzantine historian and writer (d. 1360)
* [[Nijō Tameakira]], Japanese nobleman and [[Waka (poetry)|''waka'']] poet (d. [[1364]])
* [[Odo IV, Duke of Burgundy]] (or Eudes), French nobleman and knight (d. [[1349]])
* [[Reginald II, Duke of Guelders]] ("the Black"), Dutch nobleman and regent (d. [[1343]])
* [[Reynold Cobham, 1st Baron Cobham of Sterborough|Reynold Cobham]], English nobleman and diplomat (d. [[1361]])
* [[Robert de Eglesfield]], English nobleman and [[chaplain]] (d. 1349)
* [[Takatsukasa Fuyunori]], Japanese nobleman and regent (d. [[1337]])
* [[Vitalis of Assisi]], Italian [[Benedictines|Benedictine]] monk and [[hermit]] (d. [[1370]])

== Deaths ==
* [[January 2]] &ndash; [[Agnes of Baden, Duchess of Carinthia]], German noblewoman (b. [[1250]])
* [[January 11]] &ndash; [[Bayan of the Baarin]], Mongol general (b. [[1236]])
* [[March 21]] &ndash; [[Gaykhatu]], Mongol ruler of the [[Ilkhanate]] (b. [[1259]])
* [[March 31]] &ndash; [[Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale|Robert V de Brus]], Scottish nobleman (b. [[1215]])
* [[April 10]] &ndash; [[Baldwin of Avesnes]], French nobleman (b. [[1219]])
* [[April 25]] &ndash; [[Sancho IV of Castile|Sancho IV]] ("the Brave"), king of [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]] (b. [[1258]])
* [[May 28]] &ndash; [[Barnim II, Duke of Pomerania|Barnim II]], Polish nobleman and co-ruler (b. [[1277]])
* [[August 1]] &ndash; [[Pietro Peregrosso]], Italian scholar and cardinal
* [[August 8]] &ndash; [[Ottone Visconti]], Italian canon and archbishop 
* [[August 12]] &ndash; [[Charles Martel of Anjou|Charles Martel]], titular king of [[Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)|Hungary]] (b. [[1271]])
* [[September 15]] &ndash; [[Ruggieri degli Ubaldini]], Italian archbishop
* [[October 4]] &ndash; [[Baydu]], Mongol ruler of the Ilkhanate (b. [[1255]])
* [[November 10]] &ndash; [[Nicholas Segrave, 1st Baron Segrave]], English nobleman (b. [[1238]])
* [[December 7]] &ndash; [[Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Gloucester]], English nobleman (b. [[1243]])
* [[December 16]] &ndash; [[Roger de Meyland]], English sheriff and bishop 
* [[December 20]] &ndash; [[Margaret of Provence]], queen consort of [[France during the Middle Ages|France]] (b. [[1221]])
* [[Anna of Greater Poland]], Polish princess and [[abbess]] (b. [[1253]])
* [[Beatrice of Navarre, Duchess of Burgundy|Beatrice of Navarre]], French noblewoman and regent (b. [[1242]])
* [[Fenenna of Kuyavia]] (or Kujawska), queen consort of Hungary (b. [[1276]])
* [[Nicholas of Gorran]], French preacher and theologian (b. [[1232]])
* [[Padishah Khatun]], Mongol female ruler and writer (b. [[1256]])

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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