Editing 1289

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2011}}
{{About year|1289}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2017}}
{{Year nav|1289}}
{{C13 year in topic}} 
[[File:Siege of Tripoli Painting (1289).jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|The [[Fall of Tripoli (1289)|Siege of Tripoli]] by the Mamluks.]]
Year '''1289''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCCLXXXIX]]''') was a [[common year starting on Saturday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>

=== By place ===

==== Europe ====
* [[June 11]] &ndash; [[Battle of Campaldino]]: Pro-papal Guelph forces of Florence and their allies, [[Lucca]], [[Pistoia]], [[Prato]] and [[Siena]] under Viscount [[Aimery IV of Narbonne|Aimery IV]] defeat the Ghibelline army (some 10,000 men) in [[Tuscany]]. Florence becomes the dominant power in [[Central Italy]]; powerful merchant guilds take on a more political role in the communal government against their rivals of [[Republic of Genoa|Genoa]], [[Republic of Pisa|Pisa]] and [[Republic of Venice|Venice]].<ref>Kelly de Vries & Niccolo Capponi (2018). Osprey: ''Campaldino 1289 - The battle that made Dante'', pp. 51–86. {{ISBN|978-1--4728-3128-6}}.</ref>
* [[July 7]] &ndash; [[Battle of Copenhagen (1289)|Battle of Copenhagen]]: A Norwegian expeditionary force under King [[Eric II of Norway|Eric II]], supported by Danish outlaws, sets sail to [[Copenhagen]] and attacks the city. But they are repelled and forced to withdraw to [[Zealand]].

==== Britain ====
* Summer &ndash; King [[Edward I of England|Edward I]] ('''Longshanks''') proposes a marriage between his infant son, [[Edward II of England|Edward of Caernarfon]], and the 6-year-old [[Margaret, Maid of Norway|Margaret]] ('''Maid of Norway''').<ref>Williams, Hywel (2005). ''Cassell's Chronology of World History'', p. 150. {{ISBN|0-304-35730-8}}.</ref>
* Construction of [[Conwy Castle]] in [[Wales]], ordered by Edward I ('''Longshanks'''), is completed.

==== Levant ====
* [[February 9]] &ndash; Sultan [[Qalawun]] ('''the Victorious''') marches the Mamluk army out of [[Cairo]], leaving his son [[Al-Ashraf Khalil]] commanding Cairo's Citadel, supported by Viceroy [[Baydara|Baydara al-Mansuri]]. The army moves via [[El Salheya|Salihiya]], across [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]] and through [[Jordan]] to [[Damascus]]. He orders the regional governors of [[Syria]] to mobilize in Damascus, where many infantry volunteers have assembled.<ref>[[David Nicolle]] (2005). Osprey: ''Acre 1291 - Bloody sunset of the Crusader states'', p. 45. {{ISBN|978-1-84176-862-5}}.</ref>
* March &ndash; The 19-year-old King [[Henry II of Cyprus|Henry II]] sends his younger brother [[Amalric, Lord of Tyre|Almalric]], with a company of knights and 4 galleys to [[Tripoli, Lebanon|Tripoli]] (modern [[Lebanon]]). Meanwhile, many non-combatant citizens flee to [[Kingdom of Cyprus|Cyprus]]. The Mamluk army arrives before Tripoli and begins the attack with siege engines, while building ''buches'' (wooden defensive structures) outside the city on [[March 25]].<ref>David Nicolle (2005). Osprey: ''Acre 1291 - Bloody sunset of the Crusader states'', p. 46. {{ISBN|978-1-84176-862-5}}.</ref>
* [[April 26]] &ndash; [[Fall of Tripoli (1289)|Siege of Tripoli]]: Mamluk forces under Qalawun ('''the Victorious''') capture Tripoli after a month-long siege, thus extinguishing the [[County of Tripoli]]. Qalawun orders the city to be razed to the ground, a widespread massacre kills every man found by the Mamluks, while the women and children are taken as slaves.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 340. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
* July&ndash;August &ndash; Admiral [[Benedetto I Zaccaria|Benedetto Zaccaria]], having escaped from Tripoli, starts a naval campaign against Mamluk shipping and raids [[Tennis, Egypt|Tinnis]] in [[Egypt in the Middle Ages|Egypt]]. In response, Qalawun closes [[Alexandria]] to Genoese merchants.<ref>Miller, William (1921). "The Zaccaria of Phocaea and Chios (1275-1329)". ''Essays on the Latin Orient'', p. 284. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{OCLC|457893641}}.</ref>

=== By topic ===

==== Education ====
* Pope [[Pope Nicholas IV|Nicholas IV]] formally constitutes the [[University of Montpellier]] in [[France]] by [[papal bull]], combining various existing schools under the mantle of a single university.

==== Markets ====
* In [[Republic of Siena|Siena]], twenty-three partners, including five members of the [[Gran Tavola|Bonsignori]] family, re-create the [[Gran Tavola]], formerly the most successful European bank, which had ceased its operations after the death of its creator and manager, [[Orlando Bonsignori]], in [[1273]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Bowsky|first=William|title=A medieval Italian commune: Siena under the Nine, 1287-1355|year=1981|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-04256-5}}</ref>
</onlyinclude>

== Births ==
* [[May 24]] &ndash; [[Afonso Sanches, Lord of Albuquerque|Afonso Sanches]], Portuguese [[Nobility|nobleman]] and knight (d. [[1329]])
* [[October 4]] &ndash; [[Louis X of France|Louis X]] ('''the Quarrelsome'''), king of [[France in the Middle Ages|France]] (d. [[1316]])
* [[October 6]] &ndash; [[Wenceslaus III of Bohemia|Wenceslaus III]], king of [[Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)|Hungary]] and [[Croatia in personal union with Hungary|Croatia]] (d. [[1306]])
* [[Alfonso de la Cerda of Spain|Alfonso de la Cerda]], Spanish nobleman and archdeacon (d. [[1327]])
* [[Alice Comyn, Countess of Buchan|Alice Comyn]], Scottish noblewoman ([[County of Brienne|House of Brienne]]) (d. [[1349]])
* [[Donnchadh IV, Earl of Fife|Donnchadh IV]], Scottish nobleman, [[magnate]] and knight (d. [[1353]])
* [[Eleanor of Anjou]], queen consort of [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]] ([[Capetian House of Anjou|House of Anjou]]) (d. [[1341]])
* [[Frederick the Fair]] (or '''the Handsome'''), king of [[Kingdom of Germany|Germany]] (d. [[1330]])
* [[Joan of Artois, Countess of Foix|Joan of Artois]], French noblewoman and ruler (''[[suo jure]]'') (d. [[1350]])
* [[Ton'a]] (or '''Tonna'''), Japanese [[Buddhism in Japan|Buddhist]] poet and writer (d. [[1372]])
* [[William de Shareshull]], English lawyer and chief justice (d. [[1370]])

== Deaths ==
* [[January 16]] &ndash; [[Buqa]] (or '''Bugha'''), Mongol nobleman and chancellor
* [[February 26]] &ndash; [[Przemko of Ścinawa]], Polish nobleman and knight
* [[March 10]] &ndash; [[Maud de Lacy, Countess of Gloucester|Maud de Lacy]] (or '''Matilda'''), English noblewoman (b. [[1223]])
* [[March 12]] &ndash; [[Demetrius II of Georgia|Demetrius II]] ('''the Devoted'''), king of [[Kingdom of Georgia|Georgia]]  (b. [[1259]])
* [[March 19]] &ndash; [[John of Parma]], Italian priest and theologian (b. [[1209]])
* [[April 19]] &ndash; [[Conrad of Ascoli]], Italian monk and missionary (b. [[1234]])
* [[May 24]] &ndash; [[Frederick V, Count of Zollern|Frederick V]], German nobleman ([[House of Hohenzollern]])
* [[May 27]] &ndash; [[John III, Lord of Mecklenburg|John III]], German nobleman and co-ruler of [[Mecklenburg]]
* [[June 11]] &ndash; [[Bonconte I da Montefeltro]], Italian nobleman (b. [[1250]])
* [[August 24]] &ndash; [[Patrick III, Earl of Dunbar|Patrick III]], Scottish nobleman and [[regent]] (b. [[1213]]) 
* [[Alexander Comyn, Earl of Buchan|Alexander Comyn]], Scoto-Norman nobleman, magnate and knight
* [[Bentivenga da Bentivengi]], Italian monk, cleric and cardinal-bishop
* [[Catherine Birgersdotter]], Swedish noblewoman ([[House of Bjälbo]])
* [[David Mac Cerbaill]] (or '''MacCarwell'''), Irish monk and archbishop
* [[Diego López IV de Haro|Diego López IV]], Spanish nobleman and knight ([[House of Haro]])
* [[Eudes de Montreuil]], French master builder, sculptor and engineer
* [[Fakhr al-Din Iraqi]] (or '''Araqi'''), Persian poet, philosopher and writer
* [[Gruffydd Fychan I]], English nobleman and prince of [[Powys Fadog]]
* [[Guy III, Count of Saint-Pol|Guy III]], French nobleman, knight and regent ([[House of Châtillon]])
* [[Il-yeon]], Korean Buddhist monk, historian and calligrapher (b. [[1206]])
* [[Ippen]] (or '''Zuien'''), Japanese Buddhist monk and preacher (b. 1234)
* [[Petrus de Dacia (Swedish monk)|Petrus de Dacia]], Swedish monk, hagiographer and writer (b. [[1235]])
* [[Ugolino della Gherardesca]], Italian nobleman, politician and admiral

== References ==
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