Editing 1286

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2011}}
{{About year|1286}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2017}}
{{Year nav|1286}}
{{C13 year in topic}} 
[[File:Hommage d Édouard Ier à Philippe le Bel.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|[[Edward I of England|Edward I]] (kneeling) pays hommage to [[Philip IV of France|Philip IV]] as Edward is a vassal of him.]]
Year '''1286''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCCLXXXVI]]''') was a [[common year starting on Tuesday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>

=== By place ===

==== Europe ====
* [[January 6]] &ndash; The 17-year-old [[Philip IV of France|Philip IV]] ('''the Fair''') is crowned king of [[France in the Middle Ages|France]] at [[Reims]]. He settles the Aragonese conflict (see [[1285]]), and intensifies his predecessors' efforts to reform and rationalize the administration of the realm. Philip persists in reforms, which strengthen the monarchy's position in [[Europe]]. The [[gabelle]] &ndash; a tax on [[salt]] in the form of a [[state monopoly]] &ndash; will become immensely unpopular and grossly unequal, but persist until [[1790]].<ref>Barber, Malcolm (1978). ''The Trial of theTemplars'', p. 29. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-45727-9}}.</ref>
* [[March 20]] &ndash; Sultan [[Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq]] dies after a 28-year reign at [[Algeciras]]. He is succeeded by his son [[Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr]], who becomes ruler of the [[Marinid Sultanate]]. Abu Yaqub makes a peace agreement with [[Muhammad II of Granada|Muhammad II]], Nasrid ruler of [[Emirate of Granada|Granada]], ceding all the towns previously occupied (except Algeciras and [[Tarifa]]). After confirming the peace with [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]] on [[May 28]], he leaves 3,000 men in the Peninsula.<ref>Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). ''The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait'', p. 95. {{ISBN|978-0-8122-2302-6}}.</ref>
* [[Old Prussians]] resettle in [[Sambia Peninsula|Samland]] and start an uprising against Teutonic rule (supported by the [[Principality of Rügen]]). The Prussians are defeated by the [[Teutonic Order|Teutonic Knights]] and forced to submit.<ref>Urban, William (2000). ''The Prussian Crusade'' (2nd ed.), pp. 121–122. Chicago, Illinois: Lithuanian Research and Studies Center. {{ISBN|978-0-929700-28-1}}.</ref>
* The [[War of the Donkey]] is fought between the rival noble families of the [[Ghisi]] and the [[Marco II Sanudo|Sanudo]], in the [[Duchy of the Archipelago]] in the [[Aegean Sea]]. 
* The [[Guelphs and Ghibellines|Guelph]] [[Republic of Siena]] allows exiled [[Ghibelline]] rebels back into the city.<ref name=biografico>{{cite web|last=Catoni|first=Giuliano|title=BONSIGNORI|url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/bonsignori_(Dizionario-Biografico)/|work=Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani|access-date=20 December 2011}}</ref>

==== England & Scotland ====
* [[March 19]] &ndash; King [[Alexander III of Scotland|Alexander III]] dies in a fall from his horse at [[Kinghorn]] in [[Fife]], leaving Queen [[Yolande of Dreux, Queen of Scotland|Yolande of Dreux]]'s unborn child and the 3-year-old [[Margaret, Maid of Norway|Margaret]] ('''Maid of Norway''') as heirs to the throne. After Alexander's death, [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] is governed by the nobility and clergy, known collectively as the [[Guardian of Scotland|Guardians of Scotland]]. This sets the stage for the [[Wars of Scottish Independence#First War of Scottish Independence: 1296–1328|First War of Scottish Independence]].<ref>Barrow, G. W. S. (1965). ''Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland'', pp. 3–4. London, UK: Eyre and Spottiswoode. {{OCLC|655056131}}.</ref>
* June &ndash; King [[Edward I of England|Edward I]] ('''Longshanks''') and Queen [[Eleanor of Castile]] travel to France. There they pay homage to Philip IV ('''the Fair''') and attend to other matters. Edward travels around in the duchy of [[Duchy of Gascony|Gascony]] and orders the rebuilding of fortifications in the region (between 1286 and 1289).

==== Levant ====
* [[June 4]] &ndash; The 15-year-old [[Henry II of Cyprus|Henry II]] sails from [[Kingdom of Cyprus|Cyprus]] and lands in [[Acre, Israel|Acre]], but is refused entry into the citadel. There, he stays for six weeks in the palace to negotiate an agreement to take over the city from the Angevins.<ref>[[Steven Runciman]] (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 331. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
* [[August 15]] &ndash; Henry II is crowned king of [[Kingdom of Jerusalem|Jerusalem]] at [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]]. After the ceremony, he returns to Acre for the festivities. A few weeks later, Henry returns to Cyprus and appoints his uncle [[Philip of Ibelin (died 1304)|Philip of Ibelin]] as [[regent]] ([[Officers of the Kingdom of Jerusalem#Bailiffs|''bailiff'']]).<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 332. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>

==== Africa ====
* [[Abu Hafs Umar bin Yahya|Abu Hafs Umar I]], ruler of the [[Hafsid dynasty|Hafsid Sultanate]], takes control of [[Béjaïa]] and becomes a rival of the main Hafsid entity based in [[Tunis]].<ref>Meynier, Gilbert (2010). ''L'Algérie cœur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)''. Paris: La Découverte;;. p. 158. {{ISBN|978-2-7071-5231-2}}.</ref>

==== Asia ====
* In the [[Lao people|Lao]] kingdom of [[Muang Sua]], King Panya Leng is overthrown in a [[coup d'état]] led by his son, Prince Panya Khamphong, which is likely to have been supported by the Mongol-led [[Yuan dynasty|Yuan Dynasty]] in [[China]].
* [[Kublai Khan]] makes plans for a final [[Mongol invasions of Japan|Mongol invasion of Japan]], but aborts the preparations due to a lack of necessary resources.

=== By topic ===

==== Art and Culture ====
* [[March 7]] &ndash; The ''[[Catholicon (1286)|Catholicon]]'', a religious [[Latin]] dictionary, is completed by [[John of Genoa]]. 
</onlyinclude>

== Births ==
* [[February 2]] &ndash; [[Joan de Geneville, 2nd Baroness Geneville|Joan de Geneville]], English noblewoman (d. [[1356]])
* [[March 8]] &ndash; [[John III, Duke of Brittany|John III]] ('''the Good'''), English [[Nobility|nobleman]] (d. [[1341]])
* [[June 30]] &ndash; [[John de Warenne, 7th Earl of Surrey|John de Warenne]], English nobleman (d. [[1347]])
* [[September 4]] &ndash; [[John de Mowbray, 2nd Baron Mowbray|John de Mowbray]], English nobleman (d. [[1322]])
* [[September 28]] &ndash; [[Princess Shōshi (1286–1348)|Shōshi]], Japanese empress consort (d. [[1348]])
* [[Alfonso de Castilla y Molina|Alfonso de Castilla]], Spanish nobleman and prince (d. [[1291]])
* [[Guy of Ibelin (1286–1308)|Guy of Ibelin]], Outremer nobleman and [[seneschal]] (d. [[1308]])
* [[Hōjō Mototoki]], Japanese nobleman and [[regent]] (d. [[1333]])
* [[Hugh Despenser the Younger|Hugh Despenser]] ('''the Younger'''), English nobleman (d. [[1326]])
* [[Ibn al-Akfani]], Persian physician and encyclopedist (d. 1348)
* [[James Douglas, Lord of Douglas|James Douglas]], Scottish nobleman and general (d. [[1330]])
* [[John de Burgh (died 1313)|John de Burgh]], Irish nobleman and [[heir apparent]] (d. [[1313]])
* [[John Palaiologos (son of Andronikos II)|John Palaiologos]], Byzantine prince and governor (d. [[1307]])
* [[Juana Núñez de Lara|Juana Núñez]] ('''Lady of Lara'''), Spanish noblewoman (d. [[1351]])
* [[Kalonymus ben Kalonymus]], French-Jewish philosopher (d. [[1328]])
* [[Marco Cornaro]], doge of [[Republic of Venice|Venice]] ([[Cornaro family|House of Cornaro]]) (d. [[1368]])
* [[Odoric of Pordenone]], Italian priest and missionary (d. [[1331]])
* [[William I, Count of Hainaut|William I]] ('''the Good'''), Dutch nobleman and knight (d. [[1337]])

== Deaths ==
* [[January 4]] &ndash; [[Anna Komnene Doukaina]], princess of [[Principality of Achaea|Achaea]]
* [[January 5]] &ndash; [[Zhenjin]] (or '''Chingkim'''), Mongol prince (b. [[1243]]) 
* [[February 17]] &ndash; [[Luca Belludi]], Italian friar and religious leader 
* [[March 2]] &ndash; [[Fujiwara no Ariko]], Japanese empress (b. [[1207]])
* [[March 19]] (or [[March 18|18]]) &ndash; [[Alexander III of Scotland|Alexander III]], king of [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] (b. [[1241]])<ref>{{cite web |title=King Alexander III: Biography on Undiscovered Scotland |url=https://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/usbiography/monarchs/alexanderiii.html |website=www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk |access-date=17 October 2021}}</ref>
* [[March 20]] &ndash; [[Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq]], Marinid ruler 
* [[April 20]] &ndash; [[Buluqhan Khatun]] (or '''Bulugan'''), Mongol princess 
* [[June 16]] &ndash; [[Hugh de Balsham]], English sub-[[Prior (ecclesiastical)|prior]] and bishop
* [[July 5]] (or [[July 4|4]]) &ndash; [[Hartmann of Dillingen|Hartmann V]], German nobleman and bishop  
* [[July 30]] &ndash; [[Bar Hebraeus]], Syrian scholar and bishop (b. [[1226]])
* [[September 22]] &ndash; [[Mugaku Sogen]], Chinese adviser (b. 1226)
* [[October 3]] &ndash; [[Nijō Tameuji|Fujiwara no Tameuji]], Japanese poet (b. [[1222]])
* [[October 8]] &ndash; [[John I, Duke of Brittany|John I]] ('''the Red'''), English nobleman and knight 
* [[November 1]] &ndash; [[Anchero Pantaléone]], French cardinal (b. [[1210]])
* [[November 9]] &ndash; [[Roger Northwode]], English nobleman (b. [[1230]])
* [[November 22]] &ndash; [[Eric V of Denmark|Eric V]] ('''Klipping'''), king of [[Denmark]] (b. [[1249]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Erik V {{!}} king of Denmark |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Erik-V |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=12 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[December 15]] &ndash; [[William de Warenne (1256–1286)|William de Warenne]], English knight (b. [[1256]])
* [[Arlotto of Prato]], Italian friar, Minister General and theologian
* [[Beatrice of Castile, Marchioness of Montferrat|Beatrice of Castile]], daughter of [[Alfonso X of Castile|Alfonso X]] ('''the Wise''') (b. [[1254]])
* [[Bertram Morneweg]], German merchant, traveler and councilor
* [[Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi]], Andalusian historian and writer (b. [[1213]])
* [[Jacob I the Learned|Jacob I]] ('''the Learned'''), Armenian cleric, catholicos and writer
* [[Pantaleone Giustinian]], Latin cleric, [[papal legate]] and patriarch
* [[Pierre Coral]], French monk, priest, [[abbot]], historian and writer
* [[Reginald FitzPiers|Reynold FitzPiers]], English nobleman, High Sheriff and knight
* [[Sharaf al-Din Harun Juvayni]] (or '''Joveyni'''), Persian statesman 
* [[Simon II of Clermont]], French nobleman and regent (b. 1210)
* [[Sophia of Denmark]] ('''Eriksdotter'''), queen of [[Sweden]] (b. 1241)
* [[William of Moerbeke]], Flemish philosopher and writer (b. [[1215]])

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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