Editing 1281

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2011}}
{{About year|
1281}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2017}}
{{Year nav|1281}}
{{C13 year in topic}} 
[[File:Mooko-SamuraiShips.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|Japanese attack Mongol ships, ''[[Mōko Shūrai Ekotoba]]'' (c. 1291)]]
Year '''1281''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCCLXXXI]]''') was a [[common year starting on Wednesday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>

=== By place ===

==== Byzantine Empire ====
* Spring &ndash; [[Siege of Berat (1280–1281)|Siege of Berat]]: A Byzantine relief force under [[Michael Tarchaneiotes]] arrives at the strategically important citadel of [[Berat]]. Tarchaneiotes avoids a confrontation with the Angevines and relies on ambushes and raids instead. He manages to capture the Angevin commander, [[Hugh of Sully]], a few of Sully's guards escape and reach their camp – where they report his capture. Panic spreads among the Angevin troops at this news and they begin to flee towards [[Vlorë|Avlon]]. The Byzantines take advantage of their disordered flight and attacks, joined by the troops in the besieged citadel. Tarchaneiotes takes an enormous booty, a small remnant of the Angevin army manages to cross the [[Vjosa|Vjosa River]] and reach the safety of [[Kaninë|Kanina]].<ref>Setton, Kenneth M. (1976). ''The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume I: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries'', p. 137. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society. {{ISBN|0-87169-114-0}}.</ref> 
* [[October 18]] &ndash; Emperor [[Michael VIII Palaiologos|Michael VIII]] ('''Palaiologos''') is excommunicated by Pope [[Pope Martin IV|Martin IV]] without any warning or provocation. Martin authorizes [[Charles I of Anjou|Charles I]], king of [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]], to make a [[Crusades|Crusade]] against Michael, who has re-established his rule in [[Constantinople]]. Charles prepares an expedition in Sicily and assembles a fleet of 100 ships, and 300 more in [[Naples]], [[Provence]], and the Greek territories, which carry some 8,000 cavalrymen.<ref>Geanakoplos, Deno John (1959). ''Emperor Michael Palaeologus and the West, 1258-1282: A Study in Byzantine-Latin Relations'', pp. 341–42. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. {{OCLC|1011763434}}.</ref>

==== Europe ====
* June &ndash; Castilian forces led King [[Alfonso X of Castile|Alfonso X]] ('''the Wise''') and accompanied by his sons, the Infantes [[Sancho IV of Castile|Sancho]], [[Peter of Castile, Lord of Ledesma|Peter]] and [[John of Castile, Lord of Valencia de Campos|John]], invade the lowlands of [[Granada]]. Sultan [[Muhammad II of Granada|Muhammad II]] sends a Moorish army, supported by many archers and cavalry, to repel them. Alfonso defeats the Moors in a battle near Granada's walls on [[June 25]], but after the failure of the negotiations that follow, he leaves Granada.<ref>Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). ''The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait'', p. 81. {{ISBN|978-0-8122-2302-6}}.</ref>
* [[July 3]] &ndash; [[Treaty of Orvieto]]: Charles I, [[Giovanni Dandolo]], doge of [[Republic Venice|Venice]], and [[Philip I, Latin Emperor|Philip I]], Latin emperor, make an agreement to recover the [[Latin Empire]]. The treaty is signed in the [[Orvieto and the popes|Papal Palace]], which Martin IV has moved to [[Orvieto]] after [[Viterbo]] is placed under an [[interdict]] for imprisoning two cardinals.<ref>Hywel Williams (2005). ''Cassell's Chronology of World History'', p. 149. {{ISBN|0-304-35730-8}}.</ref> 

==== Middle East ==== 
* September &ndash; Two Mongol armies (some 50,000 men) advance into [[Syria]]. One, is commanded by [[Abaqa Khan]] – who attacks the Mamluk fortresses along the [[Euphrates]] frontier. The second one, led by his brother [[Möngke Temür (Ilkhanate)|Möngke Temür]] makes contact with [[Leo II, King of Armenia|Leo III]], king of [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia|Cilician Armenia]], and then marches down through [[Gaziantep|Aintab]] and [[Aleppo]] into the [[Orontes River|Orontes]] valley. Where he is joined by knights of the [[Knights Hospitaller|Hospitaller Order]] and some French mercenaries. Meanwhile, Sultan [[Qalawun]] assembles his Mamluk forces at [[Damascus]].<ref>[[Steven Runciman]] (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 327. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
* [[October 29]] &ndash; [[Second Battle of Homs|Battle of Homs]]: In a pitched battle, Mamluk forces (some 30,000 men) led by Qalawun destroy the Mongol center, Möngke Temür is wounded and flees. He orders a retreat, followed by a disorganized army. The Armenian-Georgian auxiliaries under Leo III fight their way back northwards. The Mongol army recrosses the Euphrates without losses, the river remains the frontier between the Mongols and the [[Mamluk Sultanate]].<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', pp. 327–328. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
* [[Osman I]], founder of the [[Ottoman Empire]], becomes ''[[bey]]'' of the [[Söğüt]] tribe in central [[Anatolia]] after the death of his father, [[Ertuğrul|Ertuğrul Ghazi]]. Osman's accession to power is not peaceful, as he has to fight his relatives before he gets hold of the clan's leadership. One of Osman's major rivals is his uncle [[Dündar Bey]], who rebels against him.<ref>Shaw, Stanford (1976). ''History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey'', pp. 13–14. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-29163-7}}.</ref>

==== Asia ====
* [[August 15]] &ndash; [[Battle of Kōan]] (or '''Second Battle of Hakata Bay'''): A second Mongol [[Mongol invasions of Japan|invasion of Japan]] is foiled, as a large [[typhoon]] &ndash; famously called a ''[[Kamikaze (typhoon)|kamikaze]]'', or '''divine wind''' &ndash; destroys much of the combined Mongol and Chinese fleet and forces, numbering over 140,000 men and 4,000 ships. Later, [[Kublai Khan]] begins to gather forces to prepare for a third invasion attempt, but is distracted by events in [[Southeast Asia|Southeast]] and [[Central Asia]].<ref>Davis, Paul K. (1999). ''100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present'', p. 145. Oxford: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-514366-9}}.</ref>
* Kublai Khan orders the burning of sacred [[Taoism|Taoist]] texts, resulting in the reduction in number of volumes of the ''[[Daozang]]'' (Taoist Canon) from 4,565 to 1,120.
* The [[Mon (ethnic group)|Mon]] Kingdom of [[Hariphunchai]] falls, as its capital [[Lamphun]] (in modern-day [[Thailand]]) is captured by King [[Mangrai]]'s [[Lanna]]thai Kingdom.

=== By topic ===

==== Markets ====
* [[Guy, Count of Flanders|Guy of Dampierre]], count of [[County of Flanders|Flanders]], licenses the first Lombard merchants to open a changing business in his realm.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Munro|first=John H.|title=The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution|journal=The International History Review|year=2003|volume=15|issue=3|pages=506–562}}</ref>

==== Religion ====
* [[February 22]] &ndash; Frenchman [[Pope Martin IV|Simon de Brion]] succeeds [[Pope Nicholas III|Nicholas III]], as '''Martin IV''', and becomes the 189th pope of the [[Catholic Church]].
</onlyinclude>

== Births ==
* [[August 4]] &ndash; [[Külüg Khan]] (or Wuzong), Mongol emperor (d. [[1311]])
* [[December 25]] &ndash; [[Alice de Lacy, Countess of Lincoln|Alice de Lacy]], English noblewoman (d. [[1348]])
* [[Agnes of Austria (1281–1364)|Agnes of Austria]], queen consort of [[Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)|Hungary]] ([[Árpád dynasty|House of Árpád]]) (d. [[1364]])
* [[Maurice de Berkeley, 2nd Baron Berkeley|Maurice de Berkeley]], English nobleman (d. [[1326]])
* [[Castruccio Castracani]], Italian [[Nobility|nobleman]] and knight (d. [[1328]])
* [[Hamdallah Mustawfi]], Persian official and historian (d. [[1340]])
* [[Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster|Henry of Lancaster]], English nobleman and knight (d. [[1345]])
* [[Joan Butler, Countess of Carrick|Joan Butler]] (or FitzGerald), Irish countess of [[Carrick-on-Suir|Carrick]] (d. [[1320]])
* [[John Harington, 1st Baron Harington|John Harington]], English nobleman and politician (d. [[1347]])
* [[John Stonor (judge)|John Stonor]], English lawyer and Chief Justice (d. [[1354]])
* [[Orhan|Orhan Ghazi]], Turkish ruler of the [[Ottoman Empire]] (d. [[1362]])
* [[Nizamüddin Ahmed Pasha]], Ottoman statesmen (d. [[1380]])
* [[Richard Grey, 2nd Baron Grey of Codnor|Richard Grey]], English nobleman and diplomat (d. [[1335]])
* [[Rudolf I of Bohemia|Rudolf I]], king of [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemia]] ([[House of Habsburg]]) (d. [[1307]])
* [[Sancia of Majorca]], queen consort and [[regent]] of [[Kingdom of Naples|Naples]] (d. 1345)
* [[Yury of Moscow]] (Yuri III Danilovich), Grand Prince of [[Vladimir, Russia|Vladimir]] (d. [[1325]])
* [[Zhu Shizhen]], Chinese founder of the [[Ming dynasty]] (d. [[1344]])

== Deaths ==
* [[February 16]] &ndash; [[Gertrude of Hohenberg]], queen of [[Kingdom of Germany|Germany]] (b. [[1225]])
* [[March 20]] &ndash; [[Chabi]], Mongol empress and wife of [[Kublai Khan]] (b. 1225)
* [[March 30]] &ndash; [[Conrad of Mure]], Swiss monk, scholar and writer (b. [[1210]])
* [[April 4]] &ndash; [[Maurice de Berkeley]], English nobleman and knight (b. [[1218]]) 
* [[September 10]] &ndash; [[John II, Margrave of Brandenburg-Stendal|John II]], margrave of [[Margraviate of Brandenburg|Brandenburg]]-[[Stendal]] (b. [[1237]])
* [[September 20]] &ndash; [[Reinhard I, Lord of Hanau|Reinhard I]], German nobleman and knight (b. 1225)
* [[October 8]] &ndash; [[Constance of Greater Poland]], Polish princess (b. [[1245]])
* [[December 24]] &ndash; [[Henry V, Count of Luxembourg|Henry V]] ('''the Great'''), count of [[Luxembourg]] (b. [[1216]])
* [[Alfonso Fernández el Niño]], Spanish nobleman and prince (b. [[1243]])
* [[Anna of Hungary (Byzantine empress)|Anna of Hungary]], Byzantine empress (House of Árpád) (b. [[1260]])
* [[Bruno von Schauenburg]], German bishop, advisor and diplomat
* [[Ertuğrul|Ertuğrul Ghazi]], Turkish ruler of the [[Sultanate of Rum]] (b. [[1198]])
* [[Sheikh Yusof Sarvestani]], Persian astronomer and calligrapher
* [[Xu Heng]], Chinese scholar, official and philosopher (b. [[1209]])

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1281}}
[[Category:1281| ]]