Editing 1274

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2011}}
{{About year|1274}}
{{Year nav|1274}}
{{C13 year in topic}} 
[[File:Mongol invasion of Tsushima, ema at Sasuura.png|upright=1.35|thumb|The first [[Mongol invasions of Japan|Mongol invasion of Japan]] is repelled. Two [[samurai]] at [[Hakata Bay]].]]
Year '''1274''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCCLXXIV]]''') was a [[common year starting on Monday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>

=== By place ===

==== Europe ====
* [[May 7]] &ndash; [[Second Council of Lyon]]: [[Pope Gregory X]] convenes a council at [[Lyon]], after Byzantine Emperor [[Michael VIII Palaiologos]] gives assurances that the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Church]] is prepared to reunite with [[Rome]]. The council agrees to a settlement between the [[Catholic Church]] and the Orthodox Church over several key issues – Orthodox acceptance of papal primacy and the acceptance of the [[Nicene Creed]] with the ''[[Filioque]]'' clause. Gregory approves a [[tithe]] to support efforts to liberate the [[Holy Land]] from Muslims, and reaches apparent resolution of the schism, which ultimately proves unsuccessful. All but four [[mendicant orders]] of friars are suppressed. Catholic teaching on [[Purgatory]] is defined for the first time.<ref>{{cite web|title=Denzinger EN 824|url=http://www.clerus.org/bibliaclerusonline/en/dw0.htm|work=The Sources of Catholic Dogma (Enchiridion Symbolorum)|access-date=2022-03-06|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411220700/http://www.clerus.org/bibliaclerusonline/en/dw0.htm|archive-date=2019-04-11}}</ref>
* [[November]] &ndash; The [[Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)|Imperial Diet]] at [[Nuremberg]] orders that all crown estates seized since the death of Emperor [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] be restored to King [[Rudolf I of Germany|Rudolf I]]. Almost all European rulers agree, with the exception of [[Ottokar II of Bohemia|Ottokar II]], king of [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemia]], who has benefited greatly by conquering or otherwise coming into possession of many of those lands.

==== England ====
* [[August 2]] &ndash; [[Edward I of England]] finally returns from the Holy Land to be crowned king of [[Kingdom of England|England]] on [[August 19]] at [[Westminster Abbey]] two years after his father King [[Henry III of England|Henry III]]'s death.
* [[September 21]] &ndash; [[Walter de Merton]], English chancellor and [[regent]], retires from royal service, in favour of [[Robert Burnell]], who becomes a strong ally of the Edwardian regime.<ref>Prestwich, Michael (2005). ''Plantagenet England 1225–1360'', p. 123. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-922687-0}}.</ref>
* The first main survey of the [[Hundred Rolls]], an English [[census]] seen as a follow-up to the [[Domesday Book]] (completed in [[1086]]), is begun; it lasts until [[1275]].

==== Africa ====
* [[Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq]], Marinid ruler, enters peacefully into [[Ceuta]], putting an end to some 40 years of the city's independence.<ref name=Picard1997>{{cite book|last=Picard|first=Christophe|title=La mer et les musulmans d'Occident VIIIe-XIIIe siècle|year=1997|publisher=Presses Universitaires de France|location=Paris}}</ref>

==== Asia ====
* [[November 4]]&ndash;[[November 19|19]] &ndash; [[Battle of Bun'ei]]: Forces of the Mongol-led [[Yuan dynasty]] of [[China]] invade [[Japan]]. After conquering the Japanese settlements on [[Tsushima Island|Tsushima]] and [[Iki Island|Iki]] islands, [[Kublai Khan]]'s fleet moves on to Japan and lands at [[Hakata Bay]]. Their landing is not unopposed: an old sea wall runs along much of the bay, and behind it are stationed the warriors of [[Hōjō Tokimune]]. The Japanese open combat with whistling arrows (''[[kabura-ya]]''), designed to unnerve and intimidate their foes. The Mongols use bombs against the Japanese forces and manage to break through at a few places, burning down the nearby town of [[Hakata-ku, Fukuoka|Hakata]] (modern-day [[Fukuoka]]). The invaders are eventually repelled, and after inflicting heavy losses on the Japanese, a withdrawal is ordered. Credited to a great typhoon – called a [[Kamikaze (typhoon)|''kamikaze'']], or divine wind – the Mongol fleet is dashed on the rocks and destroyed. Some sources suggest that 200 warships are lost. Of the 30,000 strong invasion force, some 13,000 does not return.<ref>Stephen Turnbull (2010). Osprey: ''The Mongol Invasions of Japan 1274 and 1281'', pp. 48–50. {{ISBN|978-1-84603-456-5}}.</ref>
* [[Nichiren]], Japanese priest and philosopher, enters exile on [[Minobu, Yamanashi|Mount Minobu]]. He leads a widespread movement of followers in [[Kantō region|Kantō]] and [[Sado, Niigata|Sado]] mainly through his prolific letter-writing.

=== By topic ===

==== Literature ====
* [[Bonvesin da la Riva]], Italian poet, writes the didactic-allegoric poem ''[[Liber di Tre Scricciur]]'' ("Book of the Three Scriptures"). The text is in the [[Western Lombard dialect|Western Lombard]] language (similar to other [[Gallo-Italic languages]]). The poem is one of the first great literary works in [[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|Italy]]. It tells about [[Hell]], the [[Passion of Jesus]] and [[Paradise]]; the plot later prefigures [[Dante Alighieri]] in his ''[[Divine Comedy]] (Divina Commedia)''.<ref>[[Peter E. Bondanella]] (2003). ''The Inferno'', Introduction, p. XI, Barnes & Noble Classics. {{ISBN|1-59308-051-4}}.</ref>
* [[May 1]] &ndash; In [[Florence]], the 9-year-old Dante first sees the 8-year-old [[Beatrice Portinari|Beatrice]], his lifelong muse. She appears later as one of his guides in the ''Divine Comedy'', ''[[Paradiso (Dante)|Paradiso]]'' and ''[[Purgatorio]]''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Delphi Complete Works of Dante Alighieri|edition=Illustrated|volume=6|author=Dante Alighieri|publisher=Delphi Classics|year=2013|isbn=978-1-909496-19-4}}.</ref>

==== Religion ====
* Pope [[Pope Gregory X|Gregory X]] decrees that [[Papal conclave|conclaves]] (gatherings of the [[College of Cardinals]] where the elections of a [[Bishops in the Catholic Church|bishop of Rome]] are convened) should be used for papal elections, reforming the electoral process which had taken over 3 years to elect him.
* Gregory X obtains the region of [[Romagna]] from Rudolf I, in exchange for acknowledging him as [[Holy Roman Emperor]]. With this important acquisition, the [[Papal States]] become the second-largest power block in Italy after the [[Kingdom of Sicily]].<ref>Gabriele Esposito (2019). Osprey: ''Armies of the Medieval Italian Wars 1125–1325'', p. 36. {{ISBN|978-1-4728-3340-2}}.</ref></onlyinclude>

== Births ==
* [[February 9]] &ndash; [[Louis of Toulouse]], French archbishop (d. [[1297]])
* [[April 1]] &ndash; [[Robert Clifford, 1st Baron Clifford|Robert Clifford]], English nobleman and knight (d. [[1314]])
* [[July 11]] &ndash; [[Robert the Bruce]], king of [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] (d. [[1329]])
* [[July 25]] &ndash; [[John Beauchamp, 1st Baron Beauchamp of Somerset|John Beauchamp]], English [[Nobility|nobleman]] (d. [[1336]])
* [[October 4]] &ndash; [[Rudolf I, Duke of Bavaria|Rudolf I]], German nobleman (d. [[1319]])
* [[October 5]] &ndash; [[Al-Dhahabi]], Syrian scholar and encyclopedist  (d. [[1348]])
* [[November 24]] &ndash; [[Catherine I, Latin Empress|Catherine I]], Latin empress (d. [[1307]])
* [[Eric VI of Denmark|Eric VI]], king of [[Danish Realm|Denmark]] ([[House of Estridsen]]) (d. 1319)
* [[Ibn al-Jayyab]], Andalusian scholar and poet (d. [[1349]])
* [[Marino Faliero]] (or Falier), doge of [[Republic of Venice|Venice]] (d. [[1355]])
* [[Rizzardo IV da Camino]], Italian nobleman and military leader (d. [[1312]])
* [[Sancho of Majorca|Sancho I]] ("the Peaceful"), king of [[Kingdom of Majorca|Majorca]] (d. [[1324]])
* [[Seisetsu Shōchō]], Chinese Buddhist [[missionary]] (d. [[1339]])
* Approximate date
** [[Adam Murimuth]], English priest and chronicler (d. [[1347]])
** [[Anastasia de Montfort]], Italian noblewoman (d. [[1345]])
** [[Awhadi Maraghai]], Persian poet and mystic (d. [[1338]])
** [[Nasiruddin Chiragh Dehlavi]], Indian [[Sufism|Sufi]] poet (d. [[1337]])

== Deaths ==
* [[February 18]] &ndash; [[Jakob Erlandsen]], Danish cleric and archbishop
* [[February 19]] &ndash; [[Lal Shahbaz Qalandar]], Afghan [[Sufism|Sufi]] poet (b. [[1177]])
* [[February 21]] &ndash; [[Ibn Malik]], Moorish grammarian and writer (b. [[1205]])
* [[March 7]] &ndash; [[Thomas Aquinas]], Italian friar and theologian (b. [[1225]])
* [[April 26]] &ndash; [[Heinrich von Wartenberg]], Swiss nobleman and [[abbot]]
* [[June 3]] &ndash; [[Lawrence of St Martin|Lawrence of St. Martin]], English archdeacon and bishop
* [[June 26]] &ndash; [[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]], Persian scientist and writer (b. [[1201]])
* [[July 15]] &ndash; [[Bonaventure]], Italian theologian and philosopher (b. [[1221]])
* [[July 22]] &ndash; [[Henry I of Navarre|Henry I]] (or Henry III), king of [[Kingdom of Navarre|Navarre]] ([[House of Blois]]) 
* [[July 23]] &ndash; [[Wonjong of Goryeo]], Korean prince and ruler (b. [[1219]])
* [[August 4]] &ndash; [[Robert Stitchill]] (or Stichel), English [[Prior (ecclesiastical)|prior]] and bishop
* [[August 12]] &ndash; [[Emperor Duzong|Duzong]] (or Zhao Qi), Chinese emperor (b. [[1240]])
* [[August 15]] &ndash; [[Robert de Sorbon]], French chaplain and theologian
* [[September 2]] &ndash; [[Prince Munetaka|Munetaka]], Japanese prince and shogun (b. [[1242]])
* September 26–29 &ndash; [[Henry I Kőszegi]] ("the Great"), Hungarian nobleman (b. 1210)<ref>{{cite book |last=Szűcs |first=Jenő |year=2002 |title=Az utolsó Árpádok ''[The Last Árpáds]'' |publisher=Osiris Kiadó |isbn=963-389-271-6 |language=hu}}</ref>
* [[October 14]] &ndash; [[Henry (son of Edward I)|Henry]], English prince and son of [[Edward I of England|Edward I]] (b. [[1268]])
* [[November 4]] &ndash; [[Sō Sukekuni]], Japanese governor (''[[Jitō|jitodai]]'') (b. [[1207]])
* [[November 8]] &ndash; [[Fujiwara no Akiuji]], Japanese nobleman (b. 1207)
* [[November 10]] &ndash; [[Aveline de Forz, Countess of Aumale|Aveline de Forz]], English noblewoman (b. [[1259]])
* [[November 28]] &ndash; [[Philip of Castile]], son of [[Ferdinand III of Castile|Ferdinand III]] (b. [[1231]])
* [[Beatrice of Montferrat]], Italian noblewoman and [[regent]] (b. [[1210]])
* [[Gilbert of Preston]], English nobleman and [[Chief Justice of the Common Pleas|chief justice]] (b. [[1209]])
* [[Liu Bingzhong]], Chinese court advisor and architect (b. [[1216]])
* [[Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi]], Seljuk philosopher and writer (b. 1207)
* Approximate date
** [[Arnold Fitz Thedmar]], English merchant and chronicler (b. 1201)
** [[William Longleg, Lord of Douglas]], Scottish nobleman (b. [[1220]])

== In Fiction ==
*The video-game ''[[Ghost of Tsushima]]'' is set in the year 1274.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.suckerpunch.com/category/games/ghost-of-tsushima/|title = Ghost of Old – Sucker Punch Productions}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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