Editing 1266

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2011}}
{{About year|1266}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2017}}
{{Year nav|1266}}
{{C13 year in topic}} 
[[File:Villani Benevento.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|[[Charles I of Anjou|Charles of Anjou]] (left) defeats [[Manfred, King of Sicily|Manfred of Sicily]] at the [[Battle of Benevento]].]]
Year '''1266''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCCLXVI]]''') was a [[common year starting on Friday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>

=== By place ===
==== Europe ====
* [[January 2]] &ndash; [[Conquest of Murcia (1265–66)|Siege of Murcia]]: King [[James I of Aragon]] ("the Conqueror") marches with his army from [[Orihuela]] and lays siege at [[Murcia]] on the [[Segura River]]. Skirmishes break out between the defenders and the Aragonese forces. The Muslim garrison, realizing that they are outnumbered and cut off from reinforcements, asks for terms. James offers to ask King [[Alfonso X of Castile]] ("the Wise") to restore the Murcians' legal rights (see [[1244]]) from before the rebellion: self-government under Castilian suzerainty, freedom of worship, and preservation of lands and properties. They agree to this offer but request Alfonso's explicit agreement rather than just James' promise to ask him. James refuses to get Alfonso's agreement before the city surrenders. Finally, the Moors yield Murcia to James on [[January 31]]. Seeing his standard on the walls, James enters the city on [[February 3]], accepting its surrender.<ref>O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2011). ''The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait'', p. 46. University of Pennsylvania Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8122-0463-6}}.</ref>
* [[February 26]] &ndash; [[Battle of Benevento]]: Guelph forces (some 12,000 men), led by [[Charles I of Sicily|Charles of Anjou]], brother of King [[Louis IX of France]], defeat a combined German and Sicilian army under King [[Manfred, King of Sicily|Manfred of Sicily]], during a long-running power struggle in [[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|Italy]]. Manfred takes up a strong position near [[Benevento]]. As the French infantry advances, he unleashes his Saracen archers and light cavalry, which scatters the French. But the Saracens leave themselves exposed to the French heavy cavalry, and are overwhelmed. Manfred orders his heavy cavalry (some 1,200 German mercenary knights) into the attack, but they are defeated by the Guelph forces, and take heavy losses. Manfred is killed, and [[Pope Clement IV]] invests Charles as ruler of [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]] and [[Kingdom of Naples|Naples]]. Meanwhile, [[Michael II Komnenos Doukas|Michael II]], despot of [[Despotate of Epirus|Epirus]], invades [[Albania]], and recovers the lands that Manfred has taken from him.<ref>Esposito, Gabriele (2019). ''Armies of the Medieval Italian Wars 1125–1325'', p. 39. Bloomsbury Publishing. {{ISBN|9781472833426}}.</ref>
* [[June]] &ndash; The [[Mudéjar revolt of 1264–1266]] ends. The rebels make their formal submission to Alfonso X. They recognize the error that the Moors of Murcia have committed against their overlord Alfonso. Representatives of the ''[[aljama]]'', or municipal council, renew their allegiance and humbly beg for pardon, mercy and favour. With this, the Mudéjar uprising in the [[Kingdom of Murcia]] is formally ended.<ref>O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2011). ''The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle of the Strait'', p. 47. University of Pennsylvania Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8122-0463-6}}.</ref>
* [[June 23]] &ndash; [[Battle of Trapani]]: The Venetian fleet (24 galleys) led by Admiral [[Jacopo Dondulo]] moves to [[Marsala]] and attacks the larger Genoese fleet anchored at [[Trapani]], capturing all its ships. Some 1,200 Genoese drown and many are killed. Dondulo is acclaimed a hero on his return to [[Venice]] in July and elected as [[Captain General of the Sea]], Venice's highest naval command position.<ref>Stanton, Charles D. (2015). ''Medieval Maritime Warfare'', p. 165. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen and Sword. {{ISBN|978-1-4738-5643-1}}.</ref>
* [[July 2]] &ndash; [[Treaty of Perth]]: King [[Alexander III of Scotland]] agrees to a peace settlement with King [[Magnus VI of Norway]] ("the Law-mender") in which the [[Outer Hebrides]] and [[Isle of Man]] are ceded to [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] in exchange for 4,000 marks. In return, Alexander confirms Norwegian sovereignty over the islands of [[Shetland]] and [[Orkney]].<ref>{{cite web|title=When Hebrideans were offered a new start in Norway|url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/when-hebrideans-were-offered-a-new-start-in-norway-1-4372635|website=Scotsman|access-date=27 April 2018|language=en}}</ref>

==== England ====
* [[May 15]] &ndash; [[Second Barons' War]]: [[Battle of Chesterfield]]: English forces led by [[Henry of Almain]], son of [[Richard of Cornwall]], defeat rebels under [[Robert de Ferrers, 6th Earl of Derby|Robert de Ferrers]] in a minor skirmish at [[Chesterfield, Derbyshire|Chesterfield]]. Robert is taken as a prisoner to [[London]], and at the [[Parliament of England]] disinherits. In July, he is forced to surrender land and [[Liverpool Castle]] to [[Edmund Crouchback]], second son of King [[Henry III of England]].<ref name="Cassell's Chronology">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|url=https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will|url-access=registration|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|location=London|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/144 144–146]}}</ref>
* [[October 31]] &ndash; [[Dictum of Kenilworth]] provides terms of peace in the [[Second Barons' War]] between supporters of the slain rebel leader [[Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester|Simon de Montfort]] and Henry III.<ref name="Cassell's Chronology"/>
* [[December 13]] &ndash; [[Siege of Kenilworth]]: English forces under Henry III capture [[Kenilworth Castle]] from remaining rebels in the Second Barons' War after a 6-month siege.<ref name=CBH>{{cite book|last1=Palmer|first1=Alan|last2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=86–88|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref> During the siege Archbishop [[William Freney]] tries to negotiate with the garrison but is refused entry.

==== Levant ====
* [[July 23]] &ndash; [[Siege of Safed (1266)|Siege of Safed]]: Mamluk forces capture the castle of [[Safed]], defended by a garrison of 1,700 men (including some 500 [[Knights Templar]]), after a 6-week siege. Sultan [[Baibars]] promises [[safe conduct]] but when the Christians and Templars are on their way towards [[Acre, Israel|Acre]], they are seized and beheaded.<ref>Andrew Roberts (2011). ''Great Commanders of the Medieval World (454–1582)'', pp. 194–196. {{ISBN|978-0-85738-589-5}}.</ref>
* [[August 24]] &ndash; [[Battle of Mari]]: Mamluk forces (some 30,000 men) led by Baibars defeat the Armenian army in [[Cilicia]], in retaliation for the support of the [[Mongol invasions of the Levant|Mongol invasion in Syria]]. He expands his domain, capturing the city of [[Byblos]] (modern [[Lebanon]]) and the important castle of [[Toron]] from the [[Crusader states|Crusader States]].
* [[October 28]] &ndash; A Crusader advance guard is ambushed by the Egyptian garrison of Safed, while local Arabs attack the Crusader camp. The 13-year-old [[Hugh II of Cyprus|Hugh II]], ruler of [[Kingdom of Cyprus|Cyprus]], is advised to retire and withdraw with heavy losses. Meanwhile, Baibars campaigns in [[Galilee]] and leads a lightning raid to [[Tripoli, Lebanon|Tripoli]].<ref>[[Steven Runciman]] (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 268. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>

==== Asia ====
* [[Niccolò and Maffeo Polo#First voyage|Niccolo and Maffeo Polo]], father and uncle of [[Marco Polo]], reach the Mongol capital [[Khanbaliq]] (modern-day [[Beijing]]), setting the stage for Marco's famous expedition 5 years later. [[Kublai Khan]] sends the Polos back with a message, requesting that Pope Clement IV dispatch western scholars to teach in the [[Mongol Empire]]; however, this request is largely ignored.

==== America ====
*In the modern-day [[United States]], a period of drought (up until [[1299]]) begins in the [[Four Corners]] Region, putting an end to the ancient [[Puebloans]] Civilization.

=== By topic ===

==== Economics ====
* In [[France]], the [[gold]] [[écu]] (or crown) and [[silver]] [[grosh]] coins are minted for the first time during the reign of Louis IX.

==== Religion ====
* [[Ode de Pougy]], French [[Abbess of Notre Dame aux Nonnains]], sends a gang to attempt to destroy the nearby part-completed [[Basilique Saint-Urbain de Troyes|Église Saint-Urbain, Troyes]].</onlyinclude>

== Births ==
* [[Duns Scotus]], Scottish priest and philosopher (d. [[1308]])
* [[Ki Cha-o]], Korean [[Nobility|nobleman]] (d. [[1328]])
* [[Gilbert Segrave]], English nobleman and bishop (d. [[1316]])
* [[Herman VII, Margrave of Baden-Baden]] ("the Rouser"), German nobleman (d. [[1291]])
* [[Hethum II]], king of [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia|Cilician Armenia]] (assassinated [[1307]])
* [[Jadwiga of Kalisz]], queen consort of [[United Kingdom of Poland|Poland]] (d. [[1339]])
* [[John of Brittany, Earl of Richmond|John of Brittany]], English courtier, nobleman and knight (d. [[1334]])
* [[Margaret of Villehardouin]], princess of [[principality of Achaea|Achaea]] (d. [[1315]])
* [[Alauddin Khalji]], [[Sultan of Delhi]] (d. [[1316]])
* [[Ravivarman Kulaśēkhara]], Indian ruler of [[Venad (historical region)|Venad]] (d. [[1317]])
* [[Rigdzin Kumaradza]], Tibetan [[Dzogchen]] master (d. [[1343]])

== Deaths ==
* [[January 2]] &ndash; [[Simon Walton (bishop)|Simon de Walton]], English cleric and bishop
* [[January 11]] &ndash; [[Swietopelk II, Duke of Pomerania]] ("the Great"), Polish nobleman
* [[February 12]] &ndash; [[Walter de Cantilupe]], English bishop (b. [[1195]])
* [[February 26]]
** [[Manfred, King of Sicily]], illegitimate son of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (b. [[1232]])<ref>{{cite web|title=Manfred - king of Sicily|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Manfred-king-of-Sicily|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=27 April 2018|language=en}}</ref>
** [[Richard of Lauria]], Italian nobleman and [[Condottiero|condottiere]]
* March &ndash; [[Margaret de Quincy, Countess of Lincoln]], English noblewoman and heiress
* [[April 14]] &ndash; [[Roger of Torre Maggiore]], Italian archbishop 
* [[May 7]] &ndash; [[Fariduddin Ganjshakar]], Ghurid preacher (b. [[1179]])
* [[May 27]] &ndash; [[Elisabeth of Brunswick-Lüneburg]], queen consort of the Romans, Countess of Holland and Countess of Zeeland (b. [[1230]])
* [[June 12]] &ndash; [[Henry II, Prince of Anhalt-Aschersleben]], German nobleman (b. [[1215]])
* [[July 24]] &ndash; [[Albrecht von Mutzschen|Albrecht II of Meissen]], German [[Canon (priest)|canon]] and bishop
* [[August 4]] &ndash; [[Odo, Count of Nevers]] (Odo or Eudes of Burgundy), French nobleman 
* [[August 8]] &ndash; [[Sayyed Ibn Tawus]], Abbasid theologian (b. [[1193]])
* [[September 20]] &ndash; [[Jan Prandota]], bishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kraków|Kraków]] (b. [[1200]])
* [[October 21]] &ndash; [[Birger Jarl]], Swedish nobleman and knight (b. [[1210]])
* [[October 28]] &ndash; [[Arsenije Sremac]], Serbian disciple and archbishop 
* [[October 29]] &ndash; [[Margaret of Austria, Queen of Bohemia|Margaret of Austria]], queen consort of [[Kingdom of Germany|Germany]] and later of Bohemia (b. [[1204]])
* [[November 19]] &ndash; [[Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah, Sultan of Delhi|Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah]], Mamluk ruler of [[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi]]
* [[December 3]] &ndash; [[Henry III the White]]), duke of [[Duchy of Silesia|Silesia]]-[[Wrocław]]
* December &ndash; [[John of Ibelin (jurist)|John of Ibelin]] ("John of Jaffa"), Outremer nobleman, crusader knight and legal writer (b. [[1215]])
* [[Aldonza Alfonso de León]], illegitimate daughter of [[Alfonso IX of León|Alfonso IX]]
* [[Andronikos II of Trebizond|Andronikos II]] (''Megas Komnenos''), emperor of [[Empire of Trebizond|Trebizond]]
* [[Ariq Böke]] (or Bukha), Mongol ruler (''[[khagan]]'') and [[regent]]
* [[Berke|Berke Khan]], Mongol ruler of the [[Golden Horde]] (b. [[1208]])
* [[Chen Rong (painter)|Chen Rong]], Chinese painter, poet and politician (b. 1200)
* [[Hugh Bigod (Justiciar)|Hugh Bigod]], English nobleman and chief justiciar (b. [[1211]])
* [[Hugh, Count of Burgundy]] (Hugh III of Châlon), French nobleman and knight (b. [[1220]])
* [[Luca Savelli]], Italian senator and politician (b. [[1190]])
* [[Máel Coluim II, Earl of Fife|Máel Coluim II, Mormaer of Fife]] (Malcolm II, Earl of Fife), Scottish nobleman<ref>{{cite web|title=Malcolm (II), earl of Fife (d.1266)|url=http://db.poms.ac.uk/record/person/2129/|website=db.poms.ac.uk|access-date=27 April 2018}}</ref>
* [[Mu'ayyad al-Din al-Urdi]], Syrian scholar and astronomer
* [[Philippe Chinard]], French nobleman and admiral, murdered (b. [[1205]])
* [[Richer of Senones]], French monk and chronicler (b. 1190)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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