Editing 1265

{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{About year|1265}}
{{Year nav|1265}}
{{C13 year in topic}}[[File:ShepherdByzempire1265.jpg|thumb|The restored [[Byzantine Empire]] and surrounding lands in 1265.]]Year '''1265''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCCLXV]]''') was a [[common year starting on Thursday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>

=== By place ===

==== Europe ====
* [[January 20]] – In [[Westminster]], the first elected English [[parliament]] (called [[Montfort's Parliament]]) conducts its first meeting in the [[Palace of Westminster]], later to be known as the Houses of Parliament.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FXlTAQAAQBAJ&q=1265+Montfort%27s+Parliament&pg=PA77|title=A History of the Peoples of the British Isles: From Prehistoric Times to 1688|last=Lehmberg|first=Stanford|publisher=Routledge|year=2002|isbn=9781134415281|location=New York and London|pages=77|language=en}}</ref>
* [[March]] – End of the [[Hungarian Civil War (1264–1265)]] &ndash; [[Battle of Isaszeg (1265)|Battle of Isaszeg]]: Younger King [[Stephen V of Hungary|Stephen]] decisively defeats [[Béla IV of Hungary|his father's]] army.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zsoldos |first=Attila |year=2007 |title=Családi ügy: IV. Béla és István ifjabb király viszálya az 1260-as években ''[A family affair: The Conflict between Béla IV and Junior King Stephen in the 1260s]''|publisher=História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete | isbn=978-963-9627-15-4|page=141|language=hu}}</ref>
* [[May 28]] – Future King [[Edward I of England]] escapes the captivity of [[Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QSJoaugn2h8C&q=1265+Edward+Montfort&pg=PA97|title=World Military Leaders: A Biographical Dictionary|last=Grossman|first=Mark|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=2007|isbn=9780816074778|series=Facts on File Library of World History|location=New York|pages=97–98|language=en}}</ref>
* [[June 18]] – A draft [[Byzantine–Venetian treaty of 1265|Byzantine–Venetian treaty]] is concluded between Venetian envoys and Emperor [[Michael VIII Palaiologos]], but is not ratified by Doge [[Reniero Zeno]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Gm79HuBY0cC&q=1265+Byzantine%E2%80%93Venetian+treaty&pg=PA100|title=The Papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571: The thirteenth and fourteenth centuries|last=Setton|first=Kenneth Meyer|publisher=American Philosophical Society|year=1976|isbn=9780871691149|series=Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society 114|volume=I: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries|location=Philadelphia, PA|pages=100|language=en}}</ref>
* [[August 4]] – [[Second Barons' War]] in England: The [[Battle of Evesham]] is fought in [[Worcestershire]], with the army of Edward defeating the forces of rebellious barons led by Simon de Montfort, resulting in the death of Montfort and many of his allies.  This is sometimes considered the death of [[chivalry]] in England.<ref name=":0b">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hcAUAAAAQAAJ&q=1265+Battle+of+Evesham&pg=PA237|title=The history of England, by sir J. Mackintosh (continued by W. Wallace, R. Bell).|last1=Mackintosh|first1=James|last2=Wallace|first2=William|publisher=Longman and John Taylor|year=1836|volume=I: England|location=London|pages=237–238|language=en}}</ref>
* The [[Isle of Man]] comes under Scottish rule.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/historyislemanw02bullgoog|quote=1265 isle of man.|title=History of the Isle of Man: With a Comparative View of the Past and Present State of Society and Manners, Containing Also Biographical Anecdotes of Eminent Persons Connected with that Island|last=Bullock|first=H. A.|publisher=Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown|year=1816|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyislemanw02bullgoog/page/n69 23]|language=en}}</ref>

==== North Africa and Asia ====
* The [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk Sultanate]] [[Bahri dynasty]] of [[Egypt]] captures several cities and towns from [[Crusader states]] in the Middle East, including the cities of [[Haifa]], [[Arsuf]], and [[Caesarea Maritima]]; these events eventually precipitate the [[Eighth Crusade]] in [[1267]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aTmgBwAAQBAJ&q=1265+eighth+crusade&pg=PA104|title=Medieval Maritime Warfare|last=Stanton|first=Charles D.|publisher=Pen and Sword|year=2015|isbn=9781473856431|location=Barnsley, UK|pages=104|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uX8e2zU_TG0C&q=1265+eighth+crusade&pg=PR32|title=Historical Dictionary of the Crusades|last=Slack|first=Corliss K.|publisher=Scarecrow Press|year=2013|isbn=9780810878310|location=Lanham, Toronto, Plymouth, UK|pages=xxxii|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Kublai Khan]] sends a delegation to Japan, which loots islands along the way.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CLpxAAAAMAAJ&q=1265+Kublai+Khan+Japan|title=A grand strategy for Japanese defense|last=Okazaki|first=Hisahiko|publisher=University Press of America|year=1986|isbn=9780819153258|location=Lanham, MD|pages=4|language=en}}</ref>
* Fire destroys parts of [[Old Cairo]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g13-owKVXY4C&q=1265+old+cairo+fire&pg=PA18|title=A Mediterranean Society: The Jewish Communities of the Arab World as Portrayed in the Documents of the Cairo Geniza|last=Goitein|first=S. D.|publisher=University of California Press|year=1999|isbn=9780520221581|volume=I: Economic Foundations|location=Berkeley, CA, Los Angeles, CA and London|pages=19|language=en}}</ref>
* [[India]], Delhi: Ghiyas-Ud-Din-Balban comes to the throne and introduces Sijdah.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tjmC1nnWVC8C&q=1265+Ghiyas-Ud-Din-Balban&pg=SA1-PA49|title=Gs In 60 Days|last=Dwivedi|first=Rakesh|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|year=2010|isbn=9780070670785|location=New Delhi|pages=1.49|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Mongol]] armies, led by [[Nogai Khan]], raid [[Thrace]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hFc4mwsHZ7IC&q=1265+nogai+khan&pg=PA123|title=History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century|last=Howorth|first=Henry Hoyle|publisher=Cosimo, Inc.|year=2008|isbn=9781605201344|volume=Part 2: The So-Called Tartars of Russia and Central Asia|location=New York|pages=123|language=en}}</ref>
* In the first major battle in five years (since the [[Song dynasty]] Chinese pushed the forces of [[Kublai Khan]] back across the [[Yangzi River]], after [[Möngke Khan]]'s failed invasion in [[1259]]), Kublai Khan engages the Chinese in [[Sichuan]] province. Kublai gains a preliminary victory, and war booty of 146 captured Song dynasty naval ships.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dRcZAQAAIAAJ&q=1265+Kublai+Khan+Sichuan|title=Magill's Guide to Military History|last=Powell|first=John|publisher=Salem Press|year=2001|isbn=9780893560171|volume=3: Jap-Pel|location=Pasadena, CA|pages=854|language=en}}</ref>

=== By topic ===
==== Culture ====
* The ''[[Book of Aneirin]]'', a Welsh manuscript of poetry, is penned.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TSt1DwAAQBAJ&q=1265+Book+of+Aneirin&pg=PA127|title=Poetry and British Nationalisms in the Bardic Eighteenth Century: Imagined Antiquities|last=Strabone|first=Jeff|publisher=Springer|year=2018|isbn=9783319952550|series=Palgrave Studies in the Enlightenment, Romanticism and Cultures of Print|location=Cham, Switzerland|pages=126–127|language=en}}</ref>
* The [[brewing]] of [[Budweiser Budvar]] [[beer]] begins in [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemia]]; Budweiser Budvar has been produced continuously there to this day.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6c3bBAAAQBAJ&q=1265+Budweiser+Budvar&pg=PA155|title=New Frontiers of Intellectual Property Law: IP and Cultural Heritage – Geographical Indications – Enforcement – Overprotection|last=Corte-Real|first=Antonio|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|year=2005|isbn=9781847312563|editor-last=Heath|editor-first=Christopher|location=Oxford and Portland, OR|pages=155|language=en|chapter=The Conflict Between Trade Marks and Geographical Indications - The Case of Budweiser in Portugal|editor-last2=Sanders|editor-first2=Anselm Kamperman}}</ref>
* Correspondence from [[Pope Clement IV]] contains the first known mention of the [[ring of the Fisherman]], an item of papal [[regalia]] then used to seal personal correspondence from the pope, and later for [[papal bull]]s.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V54bxRUipYQC&q=1265+Ring+of+the+Fisherman&pg=PA174|title=Imagining the Human Condition in Medieval Rome: The Cistercian Fresco Cycle at Abbazia Delle Tre Fontane|last=Aavitsland|first=Kristin B.|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|year=2012|isbn=9781409438182|location=Surrey and Burlington, VT|pages=174|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Zo6WY94Q_sC&q=1265+Ring+of+the+Fisherman&pg=PA263|title=Rings for the Finger: From the Earliest Known Times to the Present, with Full Descriptions of the Origin, Early Making, Materials, the Archaeology, History, for Affection, for Love, for Engagement, for Wedding, Commemorative, Mourning, etc|last=Kunz|first=George Frederick|publisher=Dover Publications|year=1973|isbn=9780486144245|location=New York|pages=263|language=en|orig-year=1917}}</ref>
* [[February 5]] – [[Pope Clement IV]] succeeds [[Pope Urban IV]], as the 183rd pope.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XEQrDwAAQBAJ&q=1265+pope+Clement+IV&pg=PA230|title=Routledge Revivals: Medieval France (1995): An Encyclopedia|last=Izbicki|first=Thomas M.|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2016|isbn=9781351665667|editor-last=Kibler|editor-first=William W.|location=New York and London|pages=230|language=en|chapter=Clement IV|orig-year=1995|editor-last2=Zinn|editor-first2=Grover A.}}</ref></onlyinclude>

== Births ==
[[File:Emperor Fushimi.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Emperor Fushimi]]]]
[[File:Emperor Go-Uda.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Emperor Go-Uda]]]]
* [[May 10]] – [[Emperor Fushimi]] of Japan (d. [[1317]])<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WgqJBAAAQBAJ&q=1265+Emperor+Fushimi&pg=PA99|title=Courtly Visions: The Ise Stories and the Politics of Cultural Appropriation|last=Mostow|first=Joshua S.|publisher=BRILL|year=2014|isbn=9789004249431|location=Leiden, Boston|pages=99|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AsczCgAAQBAJ&q=1265+Emperor+Fushimi&pg=PA232|title=Just Living: Poems and Prose by the Japanese Monk Tonna|last=Tonʼa|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2003|isbn=9780231125536|location=New York and Chichester, UK|pages=232|language=en|translator-last=Steven D. Carter}}</ref>
* [[December 17]] – [[Emperor Go-Uda]] of Japan (d. [[1324]])<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AsczCgAAQBAJ&q=1267+Emperor+Go-Uda&pg=PA232|title=Just Living: Poems and Prose by the Japanese Monk Tonna|last=Tonʼa|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2003|isbn=9780231125536|location=New York and Chichester, UK|pages=232|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-0-dGA8JtXcC&q=1267+Emperor+Go-Uda&pg=PA274|title=The Origins of Japan's Medieval World: Courtiers, Clerics, Warriors, and Peasants in the Fourteenth Century|last=Mass|first=Jeffrey P.|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=1997|isbn=9780804743792|location=Stanford, CA|pages=274|language=en}}</ref>
* King [[Alfonso III of Aragon]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U688e78e9wkC&q=1265+Alfonso+III+Aragon&pg=PA91|title=The Universal Dictionary of Biography and Mythology|last=Thomas|first=Joseph|publisher=Cosimo, Inc.|year=2009|isbn=9781616400699|volume=I: A - CLU|location=New York|pages=91|language=en}}</ref>
* ''approximate date'' – [[Dante Alighieri]], Italian poet (d. [[1321]])<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J1UbfjYqBDYC&q=1265+Dante+Alighieri&pg=PA36|title=Dante Alighieri: His Life and Works|last=Toynbee|first=Paget|publisher=Courier Corporation|year=2005|isbn=9780486146423|location=Mineola, NY|pages=36|language=en|chapter=Part II: Dante in Florence}}</ref>
* ''approximate date'' – [[Maria de Molina]], regent of Castile (d. [[1321]])<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IpYz-JIpjR8C&q=1265+Maria+de+Molina&pg=PA1083|title=Reassessing the Roles of Women as 'Makers' of Medieval Art and Architecture|last=Martin|first=Therese|publisher=BRILL|year=2012|isbn=9789004185555|series=Visualising the Middle Ages|volume=Two|location=Leiden, Boston|pages=1083|language=en}}</ref>
* ''approximate date'' – [[Beatrice Portinari]], [[Dante Alighieri]]'s beloved and guide through Heaven in [[The Divine Comedy]] (d. [[1290]])<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/worldoftonimorri0000robe|url-access=registration|quote=1265 Beatrice Portinari.|title=The World of Toni Morrison: A Guide to Characters and Places in Her Novels|last=Roberson|first=Gloria G.|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2003|isbn=9780313323805|location=Wesport, CT and London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/worldoftonimorri0000robe/page/13 13]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SUwEDAAAQBAJ&q=1265+Beatrice+Portinari&pg=PR50|title=Lady Muriel: The Victorian Romance by Lewis Carroll|last=Dyer|first=Ray|publisher=Troubador Publishing Ltd|year=2016|isbn=9781785890314|location=Kibworth Beauchamp, UK|pages=l|language=en}}</ref>

== Deaths ==
* [[January 20]] – [[John Maunsell]], [[Lord Chancellor|Lord Chancellor of England]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/remainshistoric175socigoog|quote=1265 John maunsell.|title=Remains, Historical and Literary, Connected with the Palatine Counties of Lancaster and Chester|last=The Chetham Society|publisher=Chetham Society|year=1890|location=Manchester, UK|pages=[https://archive.org/details/remainshistoric175socigoog/page/n51 721]|language=en}}</ref>
* [[February 8]] – [[Hulagu Khan]] of the Mongol Empire (b. [[1217]])<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1WmyAAAAQBAJ&q=1265+Hulagu+Khan&pg=PA17|title=A History of Persian Literature under Tartar Dominion (AD 1265–1502)|last=Browne|first=Edward G.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2013|isbn=9781107682412|location=Cambridge, UK|pages=17|language=en|orig-year=1920}}</ref>
* [[May 16]] – [[Simon Stock]], English prior, canonized (b. c. [[1165]])<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ABkgU0GOBbcC&q=1265+Simon+Stock&pg=PA305|title=The Encyclopedia of Saints|last=Guiley|first=Rosemary|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=2001|isbn=9781438130262|location=New York|pages=305–306|language=en}}</ref>
* [[June 26]] – [[Anne of Bohemia, Duchess of Silesia]] (b. [[1203]] or 1204)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bXxdAAAAQBAJ&q=1265+Anne+of+Bohemia&pg=PA738|title=Why Can the Dead Do Such Great Things?: Saints and Worshippers from the Martyrs to the Reformation|last=Bartlett|first=Robert|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2013|isbn=9781400848782|location=Princeton and Oxford|pages=218|language=en}}</ref>
* [[August 4]] (Killed in the Battle Of Evesham)
**[[Hugh le Despencer, 1st Baron le Despencer]] (b. [[1223]])<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=79VAAQAAMAAJ&q=1265+hugh+le+despencer&pg=PP257|title=Universal Historical Dictionary: Or, Explanation of the Names of Persons and Places in the Departments of Biblical, Political, and Ecclesiastical History, Mythology, Heraldry, Biography, Bibliography, Geography, and Numismatics. Illustrated by Portraits and Medallic Cuts|last=Crabb|first=George|publisher=Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy|year=1825|volume=II|location=London|language=en}}</ref>
** [[Henry de Montfort]] (b. [[1238]])<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dZvcKk_QgHMC&q=1265+Henry+de+montfort&pg=PR7|title=Eleanor de Montfort: A Rebel Countess in Medieval England|last=Wilkinson|first=Louise J.|publisher=A&C Black|year=2012|isbn=9781441182197|location=London and New York|pages=208|language=en}}</ref>
** [[Peter de Montfort]]<ref name=":1" />
** [[Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester]] (b. [[1208]])<ref name=":0b" />
* [[November 24]] – [[Magnús Óláfsson]], King of Mann and the Isles<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EIr7s7SLit0C&q=1265+Magnus+Olafsson&pg=PA104|title=The Norwegian Domination and the Norse World, C.1100-c.1400|last=Imsen|first=Steinar|publisher=Tapir Academic Press|year=2010|isbn=9788251925631|series="Norgesveldet", Occasional Papers No. 1|location=Trondheim, Norway|pages=104|language=en}}</ref>
* [[December 3]] – [[Odofredus]], Italian jurist<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mhOJBAAAQBAJ&q=1265+Odofredus&pg=PA120|title=Contributory Negligence: A Historical and Comparative Study|last=Dongen|first=Emanuel van|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|year=2014|isbn=9789004278721|location=Leiden, Boston|pages=120|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AQyEDwAAQBAJ&q=1265+Odofredus&pg=PA178|title=Comparative Legal History|last=Kadens|first=Emily|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|year=2019|isbn=9781781955222|editor-last=Moréteau|editor-first=Olivier|location=Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA|pages=178|language=en|chapter=Convergence and the colonization of customs in pre-modern Europe|editor-last2=Masferrer|editor-first2=Aniceto|editor-last3=Modéer|editor-first3=Kjell A.}}</ref>
* [[Athīr al-Dīn al-Abharī|Al-Abharī]], Persian philosopher and mathematician (b. [[1200]])<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RKtIeQXm_ucC&q=1265+al-Abhari&pg=PA125|title=The Arabic, Hebrew and Latin Reception of Avicenna's Metaphysics|last=Eichner|first=Heidrun|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=2011|isbn=9783110215762|editor-last=Hasse|editor-first=Dag Nikolaus|location=Berlin and Boston|pages=125|language=en|chapter=Essence and Existence. Thirteenth-Century Perspectives in Arabic-Islamic Philosophy and Theology|editor-last2=Bertolacci|editor-first2=Amos}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:1265| ]]