Editing 1263

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2011}}
{{About year|1263}}
{{Year nav|1263}}
{{C13 year in topic}} 
[[File:HakonTheOldAndSkule-Flateyjarbok.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|King [[Haakon IV of Norway]] (left) is succeeded by his son [[Magnus VI of Norway|Magnus VI]] "the Law-mender")]]
Year '''1263''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCCLXIII]]''') was a [[common year starting on Monday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>

=== By place ===

==== Byzantine Empire ====
* Before July &ndash; [[Battle of Settepozzi]]: A Byzantine-Genoese fleet (some 50 galleys) is routed by the Venetians near [[Spetses]] in the [[Argolic Gulf]], who capture four ships and inflict considerable casualties. Later, the Genoese that survive the battle managed to capture [[Chania]] on [[Crete]]. They receive orders to avoid direct confrontations with the Venetian fleet, but instead are engaged in raiding against the Venetian merchant convoys in the [[Euripus Strait]].<ref>Lane, Frederic Chapin (1973). ''Venice, A Maritime Republic'', p. 77. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. {{ISBN|0-8018-1445-6}}.</ref> 
* Summer &ndash; Emperor [[Michael VIII Palaiologos]] sends a Byzantine expeditionary force (some 3,500 men) led by his half-brother, [[Constantine Palaiologos (half-brother of Michael VIII)|Constantine Palaiologos]], to the [[Peloponnese]] in southern [[Greece]]. The army is transported to [[Monemvasia]] on Genoese ships, while a small Byzantine fleet is sent to harass the Latin island holdings in [[Euboea]] and the [[Cyclades]]. After arriving at Monemvasia, Constantine lays siege to [[Sparta]], while the Byzantine fleet seizes the southern coast of [[Laconia]].<ref>Bartusis, Mark C. (1997). ''The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society, 1204–1453'', p. 49. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. {{ISBN|0-8122-1620-2}}.</ref> 
* [[Battle of Prinitza]]: Constantine Palaiologos marches the Byzantine army up the rivers [[Eurotas (river)|Eurotas]] and [[Alfeios]] towards the Achaean capital, [[Andravida]]. At a narrow pass at Prinitza (near [[Olympia, Greece|Ancient Olympia]]) in [[Elis]], the Byzantines are attacked by Achaean forces (some 300 horsemen) under [[John of Katavas]], who inflict a resounding defeat upon them; many Byzantine soldiers are killed. Constantine himself barely escapes with his life, and flees with the remainder of his army to the safety of [[Mystras]].<ref>Bartusis, Mark C. (1977). ''The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society, 1204–1453'', p. 50. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. {{ISBN|0-8122-1620-2}}.</ref><ref>Longnon, Jean (1969). ''The Frankish States in Greece, 1204–1311'', pp. 253–254. In Wolff, Robert Lee; Hazard, Harry W. (eds.). ''A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Later Crusades, 1189–1311'', pp. 234–275. University of Wisconsin Press. {{ISBN|0-299-06670-3}}.</ref>

==== Europe ====
* July &ndash; [[Scottish–Norwegian War]]: King [[Haakon IV of Norway]] ("the Old") assembles a fleet (some 120 warships), and sets sail to defend the [[Hebrides]], in an attempt to reassert Norwegian sovereignty over the [[Outer Hebrides|Western Isles]] of [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]]. Haakon stops at the [[Isle of Arran]], where in August negotiations are started with the 21-year-old King [[Alexander III of Scotland]]. The talks are prolonged by the Scots until the autumn storms begin.<ref>Helle, Knut (1995). '' Under kirke og kongemakt: 1130-1350'', p. 196. Aschehougs Norgeshistorie. Vol. 3. Aschehoug. {{ISBN|8203220312}}.</ref>
* [[September 12]] &ndash; [[Mindaugas]] (or Mendog), the only Christian king of [[Kingdom of Lithuania|Lithuania]], is assassinated by his cousin [[Treniota]]. The country reverts to [[paganism]] and loses its status as a kingdom. Treniota usurps the throne (until [[1264]]).
* [[October 2]] &ndash; [[Battle of Largs]]: Scottish forces under [[Alexander Stewart, 4th High Steward of Scotland|Alexander Stewart]] rout a Viking invasion force led by Haakon IV at [[Largs]] in [[North Ayrshire]]. The battle is inconclusive. On the morning of [[October 3]], the Norwegians return to collect their dead and burn their beached ships. By the end of October, the Viking fleet reaches [[Orkney]], where Haakon becomes ill and dies at the [[Bishop's Palace, Kirkwall|Bishop's Palace]], on [[December 16]].<ref>McDonald, Russell Andrew (1997). ''The Kingdom of the Isles: Scotland's Western Seaboard, c. 100–c. 1336'', p. 115. Scottish Historical Monographs, Tuckwell Press. {{ISBN|1-898410-85-2}}.</ref>
* December &ndash; [[Magnus VI of Norway|Magnus VI]] ("the Law-mender") succeeds his father Haakon IV as [[Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)|King of Norway]]. The chieftains of the eastern part of [[Iceland]] become the last to pledge fealty to Magnus, bringing a more complete end to the [[Icelandic Commonwealth]] and the [[Age of the Sturlungs]].
* Winter &ndash; [[Reconquista]]: King [[Alfonso X of Castile]] ("the Wise") conquers [[Niebla, Spain|Niebla]] from the Moors, terminating any Muslim presence in the western region of [[Spain]].<ref name=picard2000>{{cite book|last=Picard|first=Christophe|title=Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe siècle. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique|year=2000|publisher=Maisonneuve & Larose|location=Paris|isbn=2-7068-1398-9|page=110}}</ref>
* [[Reconquista]] &ndash; King [[James I of Aragon]] ("the Conqueror") captures [[Crevillent]] from the [[Moors]] and it becomes a part of the [[Kingdom of Valencia]].

==== England ====
* April &ndash; [[Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester]], newly returned from exile, takes control of southern England.<ref name="CBH1263" /> In early May he summons a meeting of rebel barons at Oxford.
* [[July 16]] &ndash; Rebels occupy London.<ref name="CBH1263" />
* Baronial forces led by [[Robert de Ferrers, 6th Earl of Derby|Robert de Ferrers]] and [[Henry de Montfort]] lay siege to [[Worcester, England|Worcester]]. The attackers finally enter the city and are allowed to sack it. They kill most of the Jewish community as part of the [[History of the Jews in England (1066–1290)#Targeting of Jews during the conflict with the Barons|targeting of Jews during the conflict with the Barons]] by allies of de Montfort.<ref>Willis-Bund, J W; Page, William, eds. (1924). "The city of Worcester: Introduction and borough". ''A History of the County of Worcester: Volume 4''. London: British History Online, pp. 376–390. Retrieved: 20 May 2018.</ref>
* [[October 2]] &ndash; King [[Henry III of England]] travels to [[Boulogne-sur-Mer|Boulogne]] for an attempt to broker peace with his barons by King [[Louis IX of France]].<ref name="CBH1263">{{cite book|last1=Palmer|first1=Alan|author2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=86–88|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref>

==== Levant ====
* [[April 4]] &ndash; Egyptian forces led by Sultan [[Baibars]] (or Abu al-Futuh) attack [[Acre, Israel|Acre]]; there is severe fighting outside the walls, in which the seneschal, [[Geoffrey of Sergines]], is badly wounded. Baibars is not yet ready to besiege the city and begins a major campaign to eliminate the Crusader kingdom of [[Kingdom of Jerusalem|Jerusalem]], the county of [[County of Tripoli|Tripoli]] and the principality of [[Principality of Antioch|Antioch]].<ref>[[Steven Runciman]] (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 265. {{ISBN|978-0241-29877-0}}.</ref><ref>Williams, Hywel (2005). ''Cassell's Chronology of World History'', p. 145. {{ISBN|0-304-35730-8}}.</ref>

=== By topic ===

==== Arts and Culture ====
* The [[Savoy Palace]] is constructed in [[London]] by [[Peter II, Count of Savoy]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Companion to British History|first=Charles|last=Arnold-Baker|editor-first=Henry|editor-last=von Blumenthal|publisher=Routledge|year=2015|page=1116}}</ref>

==== Education ====
* Presumed date &ndash; [[Balliol College, Oxford|Balliol College]] is established in the [[University of Oxford]] (England) by [[John I de Balliol]] on its modern-day site.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.balliol.ox.ac.uk/history/history/ |title=Balliol College: History |access-date=2007-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009202636/http://www.balliol.ox.ac.uk/history/history/ |archive-date=2007-10-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==== Markets ====
* [[Edward I of England|The Lord Edward]], son and heir of Henry III of England, seizes £10,000 which had been deposited to the trust of the [[Knights Templar]] in London by foreign merchants and English magnates.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ferris|first=Eleanor|title=The Financial Relations of the Knights Templars to the English Crown|journal=American Historical Review|year=1902|volume=8|issue=1|doi=10.2307/1832571 |jstor=1832571 }}</ref>
* The [[Orlando Bonsignori|Bonsignori]] firm gains the full market of the transfer of fiscal revenue from the papal estates to [[Rome]].<ref name=biografico>{{cite web|last=Catoni|first=Giuliano|title=Bonsignori|url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/bonsignori_(Dizionario-Biografico)/|work=Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani|access-date=20 December 2011}}</ref>

==== Religion ====
* [[July 20]]–[[July 24|24]] &ndash; [[Nahmanides]], Spanish chief [[rabbi]], defends the [[Talmud]] in an important [[debate]] (the [[Disputation of Barcelona]]) against [[Pablo Christiani]], before James I of Aragon.
* Probable date – The doctrines of [[Joachim of Fiore]], French [[hermit]] and theologian, are condemned as [[Christian heresy|heresy]] by the [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic Church]] [[Synod of Arles#Councils of 1260, 1263, and 1275|Synod of Arles]].</onlyinclude>

== Births ==
* [[January 22]] &ndash; [[Ibn Taymiyyah]], Syrian philosopher (d. [[1328]])
* [[February 8]] &ndash; [[Afonso of Portugal, Lord of Portalegre]], Portuguese prince (d. [[1312]])
* [[March 20]] &ndash; [[Yolande of Dreux, Queen of Scotland|Yolande of Dreux]], queen consort of [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] (d. [[1330]])
* [[Henry III, Count of Gorizia|Henry III]], German [[Nobility|nobleman]] ([[House of Gorizia]]) (d. [[1323]])
* [[Ingeborg of Sweden (1263–1292)|Ingeborg of Sweden]], countess of [[Holstein-Plön]] (d. [[1292]])
* [[Juliana FitzGerald, Lady of Thomond]], Norman-Irish noblewoman (d. [[1300]])
* [[Napoleone Orsini (cardinal)|Napoleone Orsini]], Italian cardinal and diplomat (d. [[1342]])
* [[Philip of Chieti]], Flemish nobleman and knight (d. [[1308]])
* [[Roseline de Villeneuve]], French nun and saint (d. [[1329]])
* [[Theobald II, Duke of Lorraine]] (or Thiebaut), German nobleman (d. 1312)
* [[Tolberto III da Camino]], Italian nobleman and [[condottiero]] (d. [[1317]])
* [[Zhongfeng Mingben]], Chinese [[Chan Buddhism|Buddhist]] master (d. 1323)

== Deaths ==
* [[January 7]] &ndash; [[Agnes of Merania (1215-1263)|Agnes of Merania]], duchess of [[Duchy of Carinthia|Carinthia]] (b. [[1215]])
* [[January 16]] &ndash; [[Shinran]], founder of [[Jōdo Shinshū]] (Shin Buddhism) (b. [[1173]])
* [[March 19]] &ndash; [[Hugh of Saint-Cher]], French friar and bishop (b. [[1200]])
* [[April 20]] &ndash; [[John I, Count of Holstein-Kiel]], German nobleman ([[House of Schaumburg|House of Schauenburg]])
* [[June 7]] &ndash; [[Boniface, Count of Savoy|Boniface]], Savoyan nobleman ([[House of Savoy]]) (b. [[1245]])
* [[September 12]] &ndash; [[Mindaugas]] (or Mendog), king of [[Kingdom of Lithuania|Lithuania]], assassinated (b. [[1203]])
* [[November 14]] &ndash; [[Alexander Nevsky]], Grand Prince of [[Veliky Novgorod|Novgorod]]
* [[November 20]](?) &ndash; [[Martino della Torre]], Italian nobleman and condottiero
* [[December 16]] &ndash; [[Haakon IV of Norway]] ("the Old"), king of [[Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)|Norway]] (b. [[1204]]) 
* [[December 24]] &ndash; [[Hōjō Tokiyori]], Japanese nobleman (b. [[1227]])
* [[Al-Ashraf Musa, Emir of Homs|Al-Ashraf Musa]], Ayyubid prince (''[[emir]]'') and ruler of Homs (b. [[1229]])
* [[Caesarius of Alagno]], Italian priest, bishop and counsellor
* [[Gilbert I de la Hay]], Scottish nobleman, knight and [[regent]]
* [[Guy I de la Roche]], duke of [[Duchy of Athens|Athens]] and [[Thebes, Greece|Thebes]] (b. [[1205]])
* [[John XIII bar Ma'dani]], Syrian patriarch of [[Church of Antioch|Antioch]]
* [[Manuel I of Trebizond|Manuel I]] (''Megas Komnenos''), emperor of [[Empire of Trebizond|Trebizond]]
* [[Senana ferch Caradog]], Welsh noblewoman (b. [[1198]])

== References ==
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