Editing 1227

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2011}}
{{About year|1227}}
{{Year nav|1227}}
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Year '''1227''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCCXXVII]]''') was a [[common year starting on Friday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].
[[File:Mongol 1226-1227.png|upright=1.35|thumb|Mongol invasion of [[Western Xia]] ([[China]])]]
[[File:Pope Gregory IX.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|[[Pope Gregory IX]] (r. 1227–1241)]]

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>

=== By place ===

==== Europe ====
* Spring &ndash; [[Livonian Crusade]]: The [[Livonian Brothers of the Sword]] and their Crusader allies (some 20,000 men) cross the sea ice from mainland [[Estonia]], and defeat the last Estonian strongholds in the [[Battle of Muhu]] and the siege of the [[Valjala Stronghold]] in the [[Saaremaa]] islands. This marks the end of the Estonian campaign in the Livonian Crusade. The Sword Brothers conquer [[Danish Estonia]], and [[Tallinn]] is given town rights under [[Riga]] law.
* [[July 22]] &ndash; [[Battle of Bornhöved (1227)|Battle of Bornhöved]]: Count [[Adolf IV of Holstein]] – leading a coalition army from the cities of [[Free City of Lübeck|Lübeck]] and [[Hamburg]], defeats the Danish-German forces of King [[Valdemar II of Denmark|Valdemar II]], and the Welf nobleman [[Otto I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg|Otto I]] ('''the Child'''). Adolf shakes off Danish supremacy and accepts an overlordship by the [[Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen|Archbishopric of Bremen]] under Archbishop [[Gerhard II (archbishop of Bremen and Hamburg)|Gerhard II of Lippe]]. Adolf expands his power and establishes new frontiers within the [[Holy Roman Empire]].
* [[July 28]] &ndash; [[Battle of Ane]]: Forces of the [[Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht|Bishopric of Utrecht]] are defeated by the rebellious Drenths led by [[Rudolph van Coevorden]] near [[Ane, Overijssel|Ane]] (modern [[Netherlands]]). The Drenths lure the Bishop's forces, supported by heavily armoured knights, in an ambush into a swampy area and kill Bishop [[Otto II of Lippe]]. After the battle, Otto's successor, [[Wilbrand van Oldenburg]], rouses the Frisian people into supporting the war against the Drenths.
* August &ndash; Emperor [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] musters a German expeditionary force in [[Apulia]]. The crowded conditions and high heat contribute to discontent and disease among the assembled troops. On [[September 24]], an epidemic of [[malaria]] enfeebles the army at [[Brindisi]]. Several thousand Crusaders led by [[Henry IV, Duke of Limburg|Henry IV]], duke of [[Duchy of Limburg|Limburg]], and French and English mercenaries under the bishops [[Peter des Roches]] and [[William Briwere]], arrive at [[Acre, Israel|Acre]].<ref>[[Steven Runciman]] (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 150. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>  
* September &ndash; A second contingent joined by Frederick II, departs from Brindisi to the [[Levant]]. On [[September 11]], during the second day of the voyage, one of Fredericks' companions, [[Louis IV, Landgrave of Thuringia|Louis IV of Thuringia]], dies of an illness (possibly [[cholera]]) at [[Otranto]]. Frederick also becomes sick and decides to return home, while sending the rest of the Crusader fleet (20 galleys) to Acre. There, they fortify the coastal towns of [[Caesarea Maritima|Caesarea]] and [[Jaffa]].<ref>Hardwicke, Mary Nickerson (1969). ''The Crusader States, 1192–1243'', pp. 542–543. A History of the Crusades (Setton), Volume II.</ref>
* [[October 10]] &ndash; Frederick II recovering at [[Pozzuoli]], receives a letter from Pope [[Pope Gregory IX|Gregory IX]], announcing his ex-communication. Frederick is branded a wanton violator of his sacred oath taken many times, at [[Aachen]], [[Ferentino]], [[Veroli]] and [[Cassino#Medieval|San Germano]]. Meanwhile, the Crusader army fortifies [[Sidon Sea Castle]] and rebuilds [[Montfort Castle]], northeast of Acre, as a new headquarter castle for the [[Teutonic Order|Teutonic Knights]], who called it [[Starkenburg]].<ref>Van Cleve, Thomas C. (1969). ''The Crusade of Frederick II'', p. 447. A History of the Crusades (Setton), Volume II.</ref>
* [[Swedish–Novgorodian Wars|Swedish-Novgorodian War]]: Grand Prince [[Yaroslav II of Vladimir|Yaroslav II]] of [[Vladimir, Russia|Vladimir]] leads an attack from the [[Novgorod Republic]] on [[Baltic Finnic peoples]] in eastern [[Fennoscandia]], called "Yem", whom he devastates.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://193.184.161.234/DF/detail.php?id=6567|title=Attack to Finland in 1226|work= [[Laurentian Codex]]|language=sv|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927051349/http://193.184.161.234/DF/detail.php?id=6567 |archive-date=2007-09-27}}</ref>
* [[November 24]] &ndash; Prince [[Leszek the White|Leszek I]] ('''the White''') is assassinated in an ambush on a council of Polish dukes in the city of [[Gąsawa]], an event which later becomes known as the [[Gąsawa massacre|Gąsawa Massacre]].

==== Mongol Empire ====
* Autumn &ndash; Prince [[Tolui]], Mongol [[regent]] and youngest son of [[Genghis Khan]], assembles a [[Kurultai]] in the homelands of [[Mongolia]]. He persuades the chieftains of the clan to carry out Genghis' wishes. [[Ögedei Khan]] receives the [[Yuan dynasty|Great Khanate]]. Genghis' eldest son, [[Jochi]], dies before him, and his lands are divided between his two sons [[Batu Khan]] and [[Orda Khan]], who rule the Western provinces (the [[Golden Horde]] and [[Wings of the Golden Horde|White Horde]]). Genghis' second son, [[Chagatai Khan]], inherits the former [[Uyghurs|Uigur]] and [[Kara-Khanid Khanate]] (now called the [[Chagatai Khanate]]). Tolui receives the Mongol homelands.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 209. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>

==== Levant ====
* [[November 12]] &ndash; [[Al-Mu'azzam Isa]], Ayyubid ruler of [[Damascus]], dies after a 11-year reign. He is succeeded by his 21-year-old son, [[An-Nasir Dawud]], who faces opposition from his uncle, Sultan [[Al-Kamil]] of [[Egypt in the Middle Ages|Egypt]].<ref>Gibb, H. A. R. (1969). ''The Ayyubids'', pp. 700–702. A History of the Crusades (Setton), Volume II.</ref>

==== England ====
* Spring &ndash; The 19-year-old [[Henry III of England|Henry III]] assumes control of the government. He appoints [[Hubert de Burgh, 1st Earl of Kent|Hubert de Burgh]] as [[Governor of Rochester Castle]] and rewards him with the title [[Earl of Kent]].<ref name=CBH>{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|last2=Palmer |first2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=79–81|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref>

==== Asia ====
* [[Mongol conquest of Western Xia#Second invasion|Siege of Yinchuan]]: Mongol forces eliminate the [[Western Xia]] (or '''Xi Xia''') and execute Emperor [[Emperor Mo of Western Xia|Mo]] (or '''Li Xian'''). Genghis Khan dies during the siege under debated circumstances, but this is kept secret from the army until the siege's end. Yinchuan is pillaged and its entire population is slaughtered or sold into [[slavery]]. Genghis orders the imperial family to be executed, effectively ending the [[Tangut people|Tangut]] royal lineage.<ref>Mote, Frederick W. (1999). ''Imperial China: 900–1800'', p. 256. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. {{ISBN|0-674-01212-7}}.</ref>
* [[August 18]] &ndash; Genghis Khan dies during the fall of [[Yinchuan]] after a 21-year reign. His exact cause of death remains a mystery, and is variously attributed to being killed in action against the Western Xia, illness, falling from his horse, or wounds sustained during [[hunting]]. Genghis is succeeded by his third son, Ögedei Khan, who becomes the "Great Khan" of the [[Mongol Empire]].<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', pp. 208–209. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>

=== By topic ===

==== Cities and Towns ====
* [[January 11]] &ndash; The city of [[Požega, Croatia|Požga]] in [[Croatia]] is first mentioned, in a charter of King [[Andrew II of Hungary]].
* [[Northleach]] in the [[Cotswolds]], U.K. is granted a charter by [[Henry III of England|King Henry III]].

==== Religion ====
* [[Dōgen|Dōgen Zenji]] receives [[Dharma transmission]] and ''[[Dharma transmission|inka]]'' from his master [[Rujing]] in [[China]], settling his "life's quest of the great matter",<ref>{{cite book|editor=Tanahashi, Kazuaki|editor-link=Kazuaki Tanahashi|title=Moon In a Dewdrop: Writings of Zen Master Dogen|location=New York|publisher=North Point Press|year=1997|isbn=0-86547-186-X|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/moonindewdrop00doge}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor1=Tanahashi, Kazuaki |editor2=Loori, Daido |title=The True Dharma Eye|location=Boston|publisher=Shambhala}}</ref> going on to introduce [[Sōtō]] [[Zen Buddhism]] into his native [[Japan]].
* [[March 18]] &ndash; Pope [[Pope Honorius III|Honorius III]] dies at [[Rome]] after a [[pontificate]] of nearly 11 years. He is succeeded by [[Pope Gregory IX|Gregory IX]] as the 178th pope of the [[Catholic Church]].
* [[September 29]] &ndash; Gregory IX excommunicates Frederick II, due to his broken promises and delay of the [[Sixth Crusade]].<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 150. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
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== Births ==
* [[January 1]] &ndash; [[Mujū|Mujū Dōkyō]], Japanese [[Buddhism in Japan|Buddhist]] monk (d. [[1312]])
* [[June 29]] &ndash; [[Hōjō Tokiyori]], Japanese [[regent]] (''[[shikken]]'') (d. [[1263]])
* [[September 30]] &ndash; [[Pope Nicholas IV|Nicholas IV]], pope of the [[Catholic Church]] (d. [[1292]])
* [[Aju]] (or '''Achu'''), Mongol military leader and chancellor (d. [[1287]])
* [[Chomden Rigpe Raldri]], Tibetan scholar and writer (d. [[1305]])
* [[Elisabeth of Bavaria, Queen of Germany|Elisabeth of Bavaria]], queen consort of [[Kingdom of Germany|Germany]] (d. [[1273]])
* [[Fang Hui]] (or '''Xugu'''), Chinese scholar and politician (d. [[1307]])
* [[Gertrude of Aldenberg]], German noblewoman (d. [[1297]])
* [[Hōjō Nagatoki]], Japanese samurai and regent (d. [[1264]])
* [[Hu Zhiyu]], Chinese ''[[Sanqu]]'' poet and writer (d. [[1293]])
* [[William II of Holland]], anti-king of Germany (d. [[1256]])

== Deaths ==
* [[January 28]] &ndash; [[Henry Borwin I, Lord of Mecklenburg|Henry Borwin I]], German [[Nobility|nobleman]] and knight
* [[March 18]] &ndash; [[Pope Honorius III|Honorius III]], pope of the Catholic Church (b. [[1150]])
* [[April 28]] &ndash; [[Henry V, Count Palatine of the Rhine|Henry V]] ('''the Elder'''), German nobleman (b. [[1173]])
* [[July 23]] &ndash; [[Qiu Chuji]], Chinese [[Taoism|Taoist]] religious leader (b. [[1148]])
* [[July 28]] &ndash; [[Otto II of Lippe]] (or '''Utrecht'''), Dutch prince-bishop 
* [[August 1]] &ndash; [[Shimazu Tadahisa]], Japanese warlord (b. [[1179]])
* [[August 25]] &ndash; [[Genghis Khan]], founder of the [[Mongol Empire]]
* [[September 11]] 
** [[Louis IV, Landgrave of Thuringia|Louis IV]] ('''the Saint'''), landgrave of [[Thuringia]] (b. [[1200]])
** [[Oliver of Paderborn]], German bishop and chronicler
* [[September 13]] &ndash; [[Guillaume II Amanieu de Genève|Guillaume II]], French nobleman and knight
* [[September 29]] &ndash; [[Conrad of Urach]], German cardinal-bishop
* [[October 4]] &ndash; [[Abdallah al-Adil]], Almohad governor and caliph
* [[October 10]] &ndash; [[Daniel and companions]], [[Franciscans|Franciscan]] martyrs
* [[November 12]] &ndash; [[Al-Mu'azzam Isa]], Ayyubid ruler (b. [[1176]])
* [[November 24]] &ndash; [[Leszek the White|Leszek I]] ('''the White'''), High Duke of [[Greater Poland|Poland]] 
* [[Abd al-Salam ibn Mashish al-Alami]], Moroccan [[Sufism|Sufi]] writer
* [[Guala Bicchieri]], Italian cardinal and [[papal legate]] (b. 1150)
* [[Luke Netterville (priest)|Luke Netterville]], Norman archdeacon and archbishop
* [[Minamoto no Michitomo]], Japanese nobleman (b. [[1171]])
* [[Emperor Mo of Western Xia|Mo]] (or '''Li Xian'''), Chinese emperor of [[Western Xia]]
* [[Philip of Ibelin (1180–1227)|Philip of Ibelin]], Cypriot nobleman and regent (b. [[1180]])
* [[Renaud I, Count of Dammartin|Renaud I]] (or '''Reginald'''), French nobleman (b. [[1165]])
* [[Shalva of Akhaltsikhe]], Georgian general and courtier

== References ==
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