Editing 1224

{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{About year|1224}}
{{Year nav|1224}}
[[File:John III Doukas Vatatzes.jpg|upright=1.00|thumb|Emperor [[John III Doukas Vatatzes|John III]] (Doukas Vatatzes)]]
{{C13 year in topic}}
Year '''1224''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCCXXIV]]''') was a [[leap year starting on Monday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==
<!-- This is not an empty section. The events listed below in subsections are the contents. -->

=== January – March ===
* [[January 14]] – Emperor [[Emperor Xuanzong of Jin|Xuan Zong]] of the Chinese [[Jurchen people|Jurchen]]-led [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]] dies after a 10-year reign. He is succeeded by his 25-year-old son, [[Emperor Aizong of Jin|Ai Zong]], who conquers more Song territory during the [[Jin–Song Wars]].
* [[February 20]] – [[Jacopo Tiepolo]] (later: [[List of Doges of Venice|Doge of the Republic of Venice]], 1229–1249), reaches an agreement in his capacity as [[Podestà of Constantinople|Podestà]], with [[Robert I, Latin Emperor|Robert I, Emperor of Constantinople]] Latin Emperor, for favorable treatment for the Venetians in the Empire.<ref>{{cite book | last = Jacoby | first = David | chapter = The Venetian Government and Administration in Latin Constantinople, 1204–1261: A State within a State | title = Quarta Crociata. Venezia – Bisanzio – Impero latino. Atti delle giornate di studio. Venezia, 4-8 maggio 2004 |editor1= Gherardo Ortalli |editor2=Giorgio Ravegnani |editor3=Peter Schreiner | year = 2006 | publisher = Istituto veneto di scienze, lettere ed arti | location = Venice | isbn =  978-8-8881-4374-3 |pages=70–71}}</ref>
* [[February]] – King [[Ferdinand III of Castile|Ferdinand III]] (the Saint) announces his intention to resume the ''[[Reconquista]]'' against the realm of the [[Almohad Caliphate]].<ref name="Linehan1999b">{{cite book|title=The New Cambridge Medieval History c.1198-c.1300|year=1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-36289-X|pages=668–699 [672]|author1-link=Peter Linehan|editor1-link=David Abulafia|first=Peter|last=Linehan|editor=Abulafia, David |chapter=Chapter 21: Castile, Portugal and Navarre}}</ref> Caliph [[Yusuf II, Almohad Caliph|Yusuf II al-Mustansir]] dies and is succeeded by [[Abd al-Wahid I|Abu Muhammad al-Wahid]], but in [[Al-Andalus]], two competing pretenders also claim their rights to the throne: Abu Muhammad Ibn al-Mansur al-Adil in [[Seville]] and Abu Muhammad abu Abdallah al-Bayyasi in [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]]. The chronic political instability on the Almohad site allows Ferdinand to begin his campaign victoriously in October, with the capture of [[Quesada, Spain|Quesada]] in [[Spain]].
* [[March 1]] – [[Pope Honorius III]] sends a letter to the Roman Catholic Patriarch of Jerusalem, Francisco Clemente Pérez Capera, notifying him that the armies and navies of the [[Holy Roman Empire]], the [[Teutonic Knights]] and the [[Kingdom of Sicily]] will be departing soon to begin the [[Sixth Crusade]] to recapture [[Jerusalem]] from the Arab rulers.

=== April – June ===
* [[April 23]] – [[William Marshal, 2nd Earl of Pembroke]], one of the enforcers of the [[Magna Carta]], marries [[Eleanor of England, Countess of Leicester]], the nine-year-old daughter of the late [[John, King of England|King John of England]] and sister of [[Henry III of England|King Henry III]], in order to strengthen the Marshal family's connection with the [[House of Plantagenet]].
* [[May 5]] – King [[Louis VIII of France|Louis VIII]] (the Lion) declares war on King [[Henry III of England]]. He allies himself with [[Hugh X of Lusignan]] and invades first [[Poitou]] and then Northern [[Duchy of Gascony|Gascony]]. The English forces in Poitou are under-strength and lack support from the Poitevin nobles; as a result, the province quickly falls into French hands by the end of June.<ref>Carpenter, David (1996). ''The Reign of Henry III'', pp. 374–375. London, UK: Hambledon Press. {{ISBN|1-85285-137-6}}.</ref>
* [[June 5]] – The [[University of Naples Federico II|University of Naples]] is founded by Emperor [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]]. Frederick's main purpose is to create an institution of higher learning that will put an end to the predominance of the universities of northern [[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|Italy]], most notably these of [[University of Bologna|Bologna]] and [[University of Padua|Padua]], which are considered either too independent or under the strong influence of Pope [[Pope Honorius III|Honorius III]].
* [[June 20]] – The siege of [[Bedford Castle]] by King Henry III of England begins.

=== July – September ===
* [[July 16]] – (28th day of 6th month of [[Gennin]] 1); [[Hōjō Yasutoki]] becomes the new regent (''shikken'') for the [[Kamakura shogunate]] in Japan after the death of his father, [[Hōjō Yoshitoki]].
* [[August 15]] – The garrison at [[Bedford Castle]], belonging to [[Falkes de Bréauté]], surrenders to Henry III after a two-month siege that ends after the castle has been undermined by a fire and fallen. After the garrison surrenders, the defenders are all hanged by order of the king. Falkes is allowed to leave the country but loses all his possessions. Bedford Castle is badly damaged as a result.
* [[September 14]] – [[Francis of Assisi]], while praying on the mountain of [[La Verna]] during a 40-day fast, has a vision, as a result of which he receives the [[stigmata]]. Brother Leo, who is with Francis at the time, leaves a clear and simple account of this event, the first definite account of the phenomenon of stigmata.<ref name="cefa">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Robinson|first=Paschal|title=St. Francis of Assisi|encyclopedia=[[The Catholic Encyclopedia]]|volume=VI|publisher=Robert Appleton Company|place=New York|year=1909|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06221a.htm|accessdate=2008-01-21}}</ref>
* [[September 17]] – Emperor [[Emperor Ningzong|Ning Zong]] of the Chinese [[Song dynasty]] dies at [[Hangzhou]], possibly from poisoning, after a 30-year reign. He is succeeded by his relative, [[Emperor Lizong|Li Zong]], as all of Ning Zong's children have died.
* [[September]] – [[Abdallah al-Adil]] (the Just), governor in Al-Andalus, challenges the Almohad throne and captures Seville. He marches to [[Marrakesh]] to confront Abu Muhammad al-Wahid. Abdallah seizes the royal palace and deposes Muhammad al-Wahid, who is strangled to death.

=== October – December ===
* [[October]] – Lý Huệ Tông, Emperor of Vietnam, cedes the throne to his second daughter, the Princess Chiêu Thánh, who becomes the Empress Regnant Lý Chiêu Hoàng.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chapuis |first=Oscar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jskyi00bspcC&q=%22tran+anh+tong%22&pg=PA85 |title=A History of Vietnam: From Hong Bang to Tu Duc |date=August 30, 1995 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-0-313-29622-2 |page=79 |language=en}}</ref> [[Trần Thủ Độ]] then arranges a marriage between the Empress and [[Trần Cảnh]], the 8-year-old son of Trần Thừa, and ends the rule of the overthrow the Lý dynasty by making the Empress pass the throne to Trần Cảnh the following year.
* [[November 24]] – Representatives of King [[Louis VIII of France]] and [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor]], sign a treaty at [[Catania]], providing that neither of the monarchs would harbor rebels from the other.<ref>Richard Kay, ''The Council of Bourges, 1225: A Documentary History'' (Taylor & Francis, 2019)</ref>
* [[December]] – [[Theodore Komnenos Doukas|Theodore Komnenos]] (Doukas), ruler of the [[Despotate of Epirus]], captures [[Thessaloniki]] – beginning the ''[[de facto]]'' Byzantine [[Empire of Thessalonica]]. Later, Theodore Komnenos was crowned Byzantine emperor but is not recognized as such by the rest of the Greek or Latin population.
<onlyinclude>

=== By place ===
==== Byzantine Empire ====
* Spring – [[Battle of Poimanenon]]: Byzantine forces under Emperor [[John III Doukas Vatatzes|John III]] (Doukas Vatatzes', ruler of [[Empire of Nicaea|Nicaea]], defeat the Latin army under the brothers [[Alexios Laskaris]] and [[Isaac Laskaris]]. They begin a revolt and decide to aid the request of Emperor [[Robert I, Latin Emperor|Robert I of Courtenay]]. The two armies meet at [[Poemanenum|Poimanenon]], south of [[Cyzicus]] in [[Mysia]], near [[Lake Kuş]] ("Bird Lake"). In the ensuing battle, John III achieves a decisive victory; among the captives taken are the two Laskaris brothers, who are blinded. The victory opens the way for the recovery by the Byzantines of most of the Latin possessions in [[Anatolia|Asia Minor]].<ref>Van Tricht, Filip (2011). ''The Latin Renovatio of Byzantium: The Empire of Constantinople (1204–1228)'', p. 384. Leiden: Brill. {{ISBN|978-90-04-20323-5}}.</ref>

==== Europe ====
* [[Livonian Crusade]]: The [[Livonian Brothers of the Sword]] defeat the Estonians and reconquer the captured strongholds on the Estonian mainland. With the surrender of the [[Siege of Tartu (1224)|Tartu]] stronghold, only the islands of [[Saaremaa]] and [[Muhu]] remain under Estonian control.
* Spring – [[Falkes de Bréauté]], English high sheriff and a rival of Henry III, refuses to relinquish his castles and starts a rebellion. Cardinal [[Stephen Langton]] and forces under [[Hubert de Burgh, 1st Earl of Kent|Hubert de Burgh]] deal with Falkes and the castles are handed over. Falkes is found guilty of 16 counts of [[Assize of novel disseisin|Wrongful Disseisin]], he and his brother William are excommunicated by Langton.

==== Asia ====
* Spring – The Mongol army led by [[Subutai]] and [[Jochi]] cross the steppes of modern [[Kazakhstan]], and returns to the horde of [[Genghis Khan]] on the [[Irtysh]] River. At a great ''[[kurultai]]'' or gathering of chiefs, Subutai reports on the Western campaign. Jochi submits to Genghis and his supposed 'insubordination' (see [[1220]]) is forgiven. As a result of the Mongol invasion in 1219–1223, Kazakhstan and [[Central Asia]] become part of the [[Mongol Empire]].<ref>[[David Nicolle]] & Viacheslav Shpakovsky (2001). Osprey: ''Kalka River 1223 – Genghiz Khan's Mongols invade Russia'', p. 83. {{ISBN|1-84176-233-4}}.</ref>

== Births ==
* [[March 5]] – [[Kinga of Poland]], high duchess of [[Poland]] (d. [[1292]])
* [[March 20]] – [[Sophie of Thuringia, Duchess of Brabant|Sophie of Thuringia]], duchess of [[Duchy of Brabant|Brabant]] (d. [[1275]])
* [[June 14]] – [[Matilda of Brabant, Countess of Artois|Matilda of Brabant]], countess of [[County of Artois|Artois]] (d. [[1288]])
* [[Alice de Lusignan, Countess of Surrey|Alice de Lusignan]], countess of [[Surrey]] (d. [[1256]])
* [[Elena Asenina of Bulgaria|Elena of Bulgaria]], empress of [[Empire of Nicaea|Nicaea]] (d. [[1258]])
* [[Herman I, Count of Henneberg|Herman I]], German [[Nobility|nobleman]] and knight (d. [[1290]])
* [[Hōjō Tsunetoki]], Japanese [[regent]] (''[[shikken]]''; d. [[1246]])
* [[Isabelle of France (saint)|Isabelle of France]], French princess and nun (d. [[1270]])
* [[Jean de Joinville]], French historian and writer (d. [[1317]])
* [[Kanezawa Sanetoki]], Japanese nobleman (d. [[1276]])
* [[Margery de Burgh]], Norman noblewoman (d. [[1252]])
* [[Maud de Braose, Baroness Mortimer of Wigmore|Maud de Braose]], English noblewoman (d. [[1301]])
* [[Pribislaw I]], German nobleman and knight (d. 1275)
* [[Princess Teruko|Teruko]], Japanese princess and empress (d. [[1262]])
* [[Theobald Butler, 3rd Chief Butler of Ireland|Theobald Butler]], Norman chief governor (d. [[1248]])
* [[William II, Count of Flanders|William II]], French nobleman and knight (d. [[1251]])

== Deaths ==
* [[January 14]] – [[Emperor Xuanzong of Jin|Xuan Zong]], Chinese emperor (b. [[1163]])
* [[March 24]] – [[Conrad III of Scharfenberg|Conrad III]], German cleric and bishop (b. [[1165]])
* [[March 27]] – [[William of Sainte-Mère-Église]], Norman bishop
* [[April 14]] – [[Matilda of Dendermonde]], Flemish noblewoman
* [[April 30]] – [[Bernard II, Lord of Lippe|Bernard II]], German nobleman and knight (b. [[1140]])
* [[July 1]] – [[Hōjō Yoshitoki]], Japanese regent (''shikken''; b. 1163)
* [[July 24]] – [[Christina the Astonishing]], Flemish saint (b. [[1150]])
* [[August 15]] – [[Marie of France, Duchess of Brabant|Marie of France]], duchess of [[Duchy of Brabant|Brabant]] (b. [[1198]])
* [[September 17]] – [[Emperor Ningzong|Ning Zong]], Chinese emperor (b. [[1168]])
* [[Abd al-Wahid I|Abu Muhammad al-Wahid]], ruler of the [[Almohad Caliphate]]
* [[Cathal Crobdearg Ua Conchobair]], king of [[Connacht]] (b. [[1153]])
* [[Durand of Huesca]], Spanish monk and theologian (b. [[1160]])
* [[Judah ben Isaac Messer Leon|Judah ben Isaac Messer]], French Jewish [[rabbi]] (b. [[1166]])
* [[Liu Songnian]], Chinese [[Chinese painting|landscape painter]] (b. [[1174]])
* [[Máel Muire Ó Connaig]], Irish bishop of [[Kilmacduagh]]
* [[Raoul of Mérencourt]], Latin patriarch of [[Jerusalem]]
* [[Simon Rochfort]] (or de Rupeforti), English bishop
* [[Thomas I, Archbishop of Esztergom|Thomas I]], Hungarian chancellor and archbishop
* [[William d'Aubigny, 4th Earl of Arundel|William d'Aubigny]], English nobleman and knight
* [[William de Mowbray]], English nobleman and knight
* [[Xia Gui]], Chinese landscape painter
* [[Yusuf II, Almohad caliph|Yusuf II al-Mustansir]], ruler of the Almohad Caliphate

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1224| ]]