Editing 1219

{{Short description|Year 1219 in the Gregorian calendar}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2011}}
{{About year|1219}}
{{Year nav|1219}}
{{C13 year in topic}} 
[[File:Benozzo_Gozzoli_-_Scenes_from_the_Life_of_St_Francis_(Scene_10,_north_wall)_-_WGA10241.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|[[Francis of Assisi]] and [[Illuminatus of Arce]] meet Sultan [[Al-Kamil]]. By [[Benozzo Gozzoli]] (15th century).]]
Year '''1219''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCCXIX]]''') was a [[common year starting on Tuesday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>

=== By place ===

==== Fifth Crusade ====
* [[February]] &ndash; [[Pelagio Galvani|Pelagius]] orders the Crusader army to prepare an attack against the Egyptians but is unsuccessful because of the weather and strength of the defenders. Sultan [[Al-Kamil]], in command of the Egyptian forces, is almost overthrown by a conspiracy in his entourage. He considers fleeing to the Ayyubid [[Islamic history of Yemen#Ayyubids (1174–1229)|Emirate of Yemen]], ruled by his son [[Al-Mas'ud Yusuf]], but the arrival of his brother [[Al-Mu'azzam Isa|Al-Mu'azzam]], with reinforcements from [[Syria]], ends the conspiracy. On hearing the news that Al-Kamil and his army is retreating to [[Cairo]], the Crusaders march to Al-Adiliya. After driving back an assault from the garrison of [[Damietta]] they occupy the town on [[February 5]].<ref>[[Steven Runciman]] (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', pp. 132–133. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
* [[April]] &ndash; The Crusaders surround Damietta, with the Italian forces to the north, [[Knights Templar]] and [[Knights Hospitaller]] to the east – and King [[John of Brienne|John I of Jerusalem]] with his French and Pisan troops to the south. The Frisians and German troops occupy the old camp across the [[Nile]]. A new wave of Crusader reinforcements from [[Kingdom of Cyprus|Cyprus]] arrive led by [[Walter III of Caesarea]]. Meanwhile, Al-Mu'azzam decides to dismantle the fortifications at [[Mount Tabor]] and other defensive positions, as well as [[Kingdom of Jerusalem|Jerusalem]] itself, in order to deny their protection should the Crusaders prevail there. Some fanatics wish to destroy the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre|Holy Sepulchre]], but this is refused by Al-Mu'azzam.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 133. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
* [[April 7]] &ndash; [[Al-Muzaffar II Mahmud|Al-Muzaffar II]], Ayyubid ruler of [[Hama]], arrives [[Egypt in the Middle Ages|Egypt]] with Syrian reinforcements, leading multiple attacks on the Crusader camp at Al-Adiliya, with little impact. In the meantime, new Crusader forces bring badly-needed supplies. Egyptian attacks continue through May, with Crusader counter-attacks utilizing a Lombard device known as a ''[[carroccio]]'', confounding the defenders.<ref>Moses, Paul (2009). ''The Saint and the Sultan: The Crusades, Islam, and Francis of Assisi's Mission of Peace'', pp. 16–17. {{ISBN|978-0-385-52370-7}}.</ref>
* [[July 8]] &ndash; Pelagius begins multiple attacks at Damietta, using Pisan and Venetian troops. Each time they are repelled by the defenders, using [[Greek fire]]. A counter-offensive led by Al-Kamil on the Templar camp is repulsed on [[July 31]] by their new Grand Master [[Peire de Montagut]], supported by the [[Teutonic Order|Teutonic Knights]] – where the Crusaders reform and pursue the enemy outside the gates.<ref>Van Cleve, Thomas C. (1969). ''The Fifth Crusade: Prelude to the Siege'', pp. 412–413. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.</ref> 
* [[August 29]] &ndash; The Crusaders attack the Egyptian camp in the [[Battle of Fariskur (1219)|Battle of Faraskur]] and the Muslims pretend a [[feigned retreat]] to [[Mansoura, Egypt|Mansoura]]. John I advises to camp overnight, because there is no fresh water in the region between the Nile and [[Lake Manzalah]]. Al-Kamil decides to halt the retreat and turns his forces to deliver a smashing attack upon the disorganized Crusaders, losing some 4,300 men.<ref>Van Cleve, Thomas C. (1969). ''The Fifth Crusade: Prelude to the Siege'', p. 414. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.</ref>
* [[September]] &ndash; [[Francis of Assisi]], an Italian preacher, arrives in the Crusader camp and introduces [[Catholicism]] in Egypt. He seeks permission from Pelagius to visit Al-Kamil. After an initial refusal, he sends Francis under a flag of truce to Faraskur. Al-Kamil receives him courteously and offers him many gifts. He accepts a death-bed [[baptism]], and is escorted back to the Crusader camp.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', pp. 134–135. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
* October &ndash; Al-Kamil sends two captive knights as envoys, to renew his former offers of an armistice. If the Crusaders evacuate Egypt, he will return the True Cross (lost in the [[Battle of Hattin]]) and they can have Jerusalem, all central [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] and [[Galilee]]. John I advised its acceptance, along with the nobles from [[Kingdom of England|England]], [[France in the Middle Ages|France]] and [[Kingdom of Germany|Germany]]. Pelagius again refuses the peace terms.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 136. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
* [[November 5]] &ndash; [[Siege of Damietta (1218–1219)|Siege of Damietta]]: The Crusaders enter Damietta and find it abandoned. Seeing the Crusader standards flying from the towers, Al-Kamil hastily abandons his camp at Faraskur and withdraws to Mansoura. Survivors in the city are either sent into slavery or held as hostages to trade for Christian prisoners. On [[November 23]], the Crusader army captures the city of [[Tennis, Egypt|Tinnis]].<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', pp. 136–137. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>

==== Mongol Empire ====
* Winter &ndash; [[Genghis Khan]] sends a Mongol army (some 20,000 men) under his eldest son [[Jochi]] and [[Jebe]] to cross the [[Tian Shan]] mountains ("Heavenly Mountains") to ravage the fertile [[Fergana Valley]], in the eastern part of the [[Khwarezm Empire]]. The Mongols suffer many losses but slip through the defensive lines and confuse the enemy who thinks this is Genghis' main force. [[Muhammad II of Khwarazm|Muhammad II]] dispatches his elite cavalry reserve to protect the fertile regions with force. Meanwhile, another Mongol army under his second and third sons [[Chagatai Khan|Chagatai]] and [[Ögedei Khan|Ögedei]] passes through the [[Dzungarian Gate]], and immediately start laying siege to the border city of [[Otrar]].<ref>Man, John (2011). ''Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection'', pp. 190–191. {{ISBN|978-0-553-81498-9}}.</ref>
* Mongol forces under Chagatai and Ögedei capture Otrar after a 5-month siege. The city becomes the first of many settlements to have its entire population slain or enslaved before it is razed to the ground. [[Inalchuq]], the Khwarezmian governor of Otrar, is captured and executed by pouring molten silver into his eyes and ears – an unlikely and unnecessarily expensive end.<ref>Man, John (2011). ''Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection'', p. 193. {{ISBN|978-0-553-81498-9}}.</ref>
* By letter, Genghis Khan summons [[Qiu Chuji]] ('''Master Changchun''') to visit him, to advise him on the medicine of immortality (the [[Philosopher's Stone]]).

==== Europe ====
* [[June 15]] – [[Livonian Crusade]]: Danish Crusaders led by King [[Valdemar II of Denmark|King Valdemar II]] ('''the Victorious'''), conquer [[Tallinn]] in the [[Battle of Lyndanisse]]. What is to become the [[flag of Denmark]] (''Dannebrog'') allegedly falls from the sky during that battle. Their stronghold in Tallinn will help the Danes conquer the entirety of [[Duchy of Estonia (1219–1346)|Danish Estonia]].
* [[List of early Lithuanian dukes|Twenty-four Lithuanian dukes and nobles]] purportedly sign a peace treaty with [[Halych-Volhynia]], stating a common cause against invading Christian [[Crusaders]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Butkevičienė|first1=Birutė|first2=Vytautas|last2=Gricius|date=July 2003|title=Mindaugas — Lietuvos karalius|journal=Mokslas Ir Gyvenimas|volume=7|issue=547|url=http://ausis.gf.vu.lt/mg/nr/2003/07/7mlk.html|access-date=2007-05-30|language=lt|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070523045154/http://ausis.gf.vu.lt/mg/nr/2003/07/7mlk.html|archive-date=2007-05-23}}</ref>

==== Asia ====
* [[May 2]] &ndash; King [[Leo I, King of Armenia|Leo II]] (or '''Levon''') of [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia|Armenian Cilicia]] dies, leaving only two daughters. The elder, [[Stephanie of Armenia|Stephanie]], is the wife of John I; the younger, [[Isabella, Queen of Armenia|Isabella]], daughter of Princess [[Sibylla of Cyprus]] and Jerusalem, is three years old. Leo has promised the succession to his nephew, [[Raymond-Roupen]] of [[Principality of Antioch|Antioch]], but on his death-bed he names Isabella as his heir.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 138. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>

=== By topic ===

==== Technology ====
* The [[windmill]] is first introduced to [[Science and technology of the Song dynasty#Wind power|China]], with the travels of [[Yelü Chucai]] to [[Transoxiana]].
* [[Mina'i ware]] pottery production in [[Iran|Persia]] ceases as a result of the Mongol conquests.</onlyinclude>

== Births ==
* [[February 18]] &ndash; [[Tettsū Gikai]], Japanese [[Zen master|Zen Master]] (d. [[1309]])
* [[April 5]] &ndash; [[Wonjong of Goryeo]], Korean ruler (d. [[1274]])
* [[Abu al-Abbas al-Mursi]], Moorish [[Sufism|Sufi]] leader (d. [[1287]])
* [[Ariq Böke]] (or '''Buka'''), Mongol ruler (''[[khagan]]'') (d. [[1266]])
* [[Baldwin of Avesnes]], French [[Nobility|nobleman]] (d. [[1295]])
* [[Christopher I of Denmark|Christopher I]] (or '''Christoffer'''), king of [[Denmark]] (d. [[1259]])
* [[Umiliana de' Cerchi]], Italian noblewoman (d. [[1246]])
* [[William Devereux (1219–1265)|William Devereux]], English nobleman (d. [[1265]])

== Deaths ==
* [[February 6]] &ndash; [[Robert of Courçon]], English cardinal (b. [[1160]])
* [[February 13]] &ndash; [[Minamoto no Sanetomo]], Japanese [[shogun]] (b. [[1192]])
* [[March 17]] &ndash; [[Rudolph I, Count Palatine of Tübingen|Rudolph I]], Count Palatine of [[Tübingen]] (b. 1160)
* [[March 22]] &ndash; [[Henryk Kietlicz]], archbishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gniezno|Gniezno]] (b. [[1150]])
* [[April 30]] &ndash; [[Aldebrandus]], bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Fossombrone|Fossombrone]] (b. [[1119]])
* [[May 1]] &ndash; [[Raoul I of Lusignan]], French nobleman and knight
* [[May 2]] &ndash; [[Leo I, King of Armenia|Leo II]] (or '''Levon'''), king of [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia|Armenian Cilicia]] (b. 1150)
* [[May 14]] &ndash; [[William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke|William Marshal]], 1st [[Earl of Pembroke]] (b. [[1146]])
* [[June 15]] &ndash; [[Theoderich von Treyden]], German missionary
* [[June 17]] &ndash; [[David, Earl of Huntingdon|David of Scotland]], Scottish nobleman (b [[1152]])  
* [[October 29]] &ndash; [[Ch'oe Ch'ung-hŏn]], Korean ruler (b. [[1149]])                                                                                                                                                                                              
* [[November 3]] &ndash; [[Saer de Quincy, 1st Earl of Winchester|Saer de Quincy]], English nobleman (b. [[1170]]) 
* [[November 5]] &ndash; [[Hugh IX of Lusignan|Hugh IX]] ('''the Brown'''), French nobleman 
* [[December 17]] &ndash; [[Conon de Béthune]], French knight (b. 1150)
* [[Casimir II, Duke of Pomerania|Casimir II]] (or '''Kasimir'''), duke of [[Duchy of Pomerania|Pomerania-Demmin]] (b. [[1180]])
* [[Gerard de Furnival]], Norman nobleman and knight (b. [[1175]])
* [[Henry de Grey]], English nobleman and [[courtier]] (b. [[1155]])
* [[Inalchuq]] (or '''Inalchuk'''), Khwarezmian governor of [[Otrar]] 
* [[John of Béthune (died 1219)|John of Béthune]], French nobleman and bishop (b. 1160)                                         
* [[John de Courcy]], English nobleman and knight (b. 1150)
* [[Peter II of Courtenay]], Latin emperor of [[Constantinople]]
* [[Richalmus]], German [[Cistercians|Cistercian]] abbot and biographer
* [[Scholastique of Champagne]], French noblewoman (b. [[1172]])
* [[Walter III of Châtillon]], French nobleman and knight
* [[William de Valognes]], Scoto-Norman [[Lord Chamberlain]]
* [[Yolanda, Latin Empress|Yolanda of Flanders]], Latin empress and [[regent]] (b. 1175)

== References ==
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