Editing 1169

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2011}}
{{About year|1169}}
{{Year nav|1169}}
{{C12 year in topic}} 
[[File:John William Waterhouse - Fair Rosamund.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|Lady [[Rosamund Clifford]] ("the Fair"), mistress of Henry II of England – a Victorian interpretation]]
Year '''1169''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCLXIX]]''') was a [[common year starting on Wednesday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>

=== By place ===

==== Byzantine Empire ====
* Late Summer &ndash; Emperor [[Manuel I Komnenos]] sends an embassy to [[Egypt in the Middle Ages|Egypt]] to demand [[tribute]], and threatens the country with war when they refuse to pay it. The Byzantine fleet under Admiral [[Andronikos Kontostephanos]] sets out from the [[Dardanelles|Hellespont]]; 60 war galleys are sent to [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] with money for "the knights of [[Kingdom of Jerusalem|Jerusalem]]". Andronikos with the rest of the fleet sails to [[Cyprus]], at which he defeats a patrolling squadron of 6 Fatimid ships.<ref name=Runciman>[[Steven Runciman|Runciman, Steven]] (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem'', p. 311-16. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29876-3}}.</ref>

==== Europe ====
* Spring &ndash; [[Gerald the Fearless]], Portuguese warrior and knight, receives the support of King [[Afonso I of Portugal|Afonso I]] ("the Great"). The Almohad caliph, [[Abu Yaqub Yusuf]], manages to broker an alliance with King [[Ferdinand II of León|Ferdinand II]] against Afonso. The allies manage to besiege [[Badajoz]], and finally take both Afonso and Gerald prisoner.<ref>{{cite book|last=Picard|first=Christophe|title=Le Portugal musulman, VIIIe-XIIIe siècle: L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique|year=2000|publisher=Maisonneuve & Larose|location=Paris|isbn=2-7068-1398-9|page=110}}</ref>
* King [[Henry II of England|Henry II]] of [[Kingdom of England|England]] and [[Louis VII of France|Louis VII]] sign a peace treaty which includes the betrothal of their respective heirs, the 11-year-old [[Richard I of England|Richard I]] and the 8-year-old [[Alys of France, Countess of the Vexin|Alys of France]] (or Alice).<ref>{{cite book|title=King John|first=W. L.|last=Warren|publisher=University of California Press|year=1961|page=37}}</ref>
* [[Andrey Bogolyubsky]], Grand Prince of [[Vladimir-Suzdal]], sacks [[Kyiv|Kiev]] (with help from allies) and makes [[Vladimir, Russia|Vladimir]] the capital of [[Kievan Rus']]. He installs relatives on the throne at Kiev.
* During the Swedish power struggle, [[Boleslaw of Sweden|Boleslaw]] is killed, but his brother [[Kol of Sweden|Kol]] continues as ruler of [[Östergötland]] (until [[1173]]), in opposition to King [[Knut Eriksson]] of [[Sweden]]. 
* [[February 4]] &ndash; [[1169 Sicily earthquake]]: An earthquake with an estimated magnitude of around 7 strikes the eastern coast of [[Sicily]], causing an estimated 15,000 deaths.
* [[Stephen III of Hungary]] concludes a [[Concordat of 1169|concordat]] with [[Pope Alexander III]], renouncing his right of [[investiture]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Makk |first=Ferenc |year=1989 |title=The Árpáds and the Comneni: Political Relations between Hungary and Byzantium in the 12th century (Translated by György Novák)|publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó |pages=105–106|isbn=963-05-5268-X }}</ref>

==== England ====
* Henry II makes an effort to end the strife between him and his wife, Queen [[Eleanor of Aquitaine]], in order that he may dally in western [[Herefordshire]] with his mistress, [[Rosamund Clifford]], the daughter of [[Walter de Clifford (died 1190)|Walter de Clifford]]. He divides the succession to his kingdom among his four sons, [[Henry the Young King]], Richard I, [[Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany|Geoffrey II]] and [[John, King of England|John]].

==== Ireland ====
* May &ndash; [[Norman invasion of Ireland]]: Anglo-Norman mercenaries land at the request of deposed King [[Diarmaid mac Murchadha]] (Dermot).<ref>{{cite book|editor1=Moody, T. W. |editor2=Martin, F. X. |year=1967|title=The Course of Irish History|publisher=Mercier Press|location=Cork|page=370}}</ref> Among those arriving is [[Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke|Richard de Clare]] (a vassal of Henry II), who has made an alliance with exiled Diarmaid mac Murchadha to help him regain the throne of [[Leinster]]. This begins the period of [[History of Ireland (1169–1536)|Anglo-Norman dominance of Ireland]].

==== Egypt ====
* Spring &ndash; A Zangid expedition under General [[Shirkuh]] accompanied by his nephew [[Saladin]] invades Egypt. King [[Amalric of Jerusalem|Amalric I]] of Jerusalem orders his fleet to return to [[Acre, Israel|Acre]] and retreats with the Crusaders back to Palestine.
* [[January 8]] &ndash; Shirkuh enters [[Cairo]], leaving the Zangid army encamped outside the city. He goes to the palace, where the 18-year-old Fatimid caliph [[Al-Adid]] welcomes him with ceremonial gifts and promised money.<ref name=Runciman/>
* [[January 18]] &ndash; [[Shawar]], Fatimid vizier and ''[[de facto]]'' ruler, is invited to join Shirkuh on a [[pilgrimage]] to the tomb of [[Al-Shafi'i]]. Underway he and his escort are taken prisoner; on orders from Al-Adid, Shawar is decapitated.<ref name=Runciman/>
* [[March 23]] &ndash; Shirkuh dies from over-eating after a 2-month reign.<ref name=Runciman/> He is succeeded by Saladin, who is appointed chief vizier of the [[Fatimid Caliphate]]. He takes over as commander of [[Nur ad-Din (died 1174)|Nur al-Din]]'s forces in Egypt.<ref name=Nicolle>[[David Nicolle|Nicolle, David]] (2011). Osprey: Commander 12 - Saladin, pp. 13, 16-17. {{ISBN|978-1-84908-317-1}}.</ref>
* Summer &ndash; Saladin invites his brother [[Turan-Shah]] to join him in Cairo. He brings his family and retinue with him but also a substantial army provided by Nur al-Din. Turan-Shah is welcomed by Al-Adid as a friend.<ref name=Nicolle/>
* [[August 21]]–[[August 23|23]] &ndash; At the [[Battle of the Blacks]], Saladin crushes a rebellion by Sudanese forces (50,000 men) of the Fatimid army, along with a number of Egyptian emirs and commoners. He never again has to face a military uprising from Cairo.<ref>{{cite book | last = Lyons | first = Malcolm Cameron | last2 = Jackson | first2 = D. E. P. | year = 1982 | title = Saladin: The Politics of the Holy War | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | url =  {{Gbooks|hGR5M0druJIC|plainurl=yes}} | isbn = 0-521-31739-8 | pages = 34–36}}.</ref>
* Winter &ndash; Saladin supported by reinforcements from Nur al-din, defeats a Crusader-Byzantine force under Amalric I near [[Damietta]]. During the 3-month siege, the Crusaders are forced to retreat to Palestine.<ref name=Runciman/>

=== By topic ===

==== Art and Science ====
* Eleanor of Aquitaine leaves the English court of Henry II, to establish her own court in [[Poitiers]]. It will become known as a center of [[courtly love]]. Richard I accompanies his mother and is made heir to [[Duchy of Aquitaine|Aquitaine]].</onlyinclude>

== Births ==
* [[September 10]] &ndash; [[Alexios II Komnenos]], Byzantine emperor (d. [[1183]])
* [[Ahi Evren]], Bektashi [[Sufism|Sufi]] preacher and philosopher (d. [[1261]])
* [[Al-Afdal ibn Salah ad-Din]], Ayyubid ruler of [[Damascus]] (d. [[1225]])
* [[Eustace de Vesci]], English [[Nobility|nobleman]] and military leader (d. [[1216]])
* [[Ibn al-Mustawfi]], Ayyubid governor and historian (d. [[1239]])
* [[Kujō Yoshitsune|Fujiwara no Yoshitsune]], Japanese nobleman (d. [[1206]])
* [[Muhammad II of Khwarazm|Muhammad II]], Khwarezmid viceroy and ruler (d. [[1220]])
* [[Nasu no Yoichi]], Japanese [[samurai]] (approximate date)
* [[Taira no Atsumori]], Japanese samurai (d. [[1184]])

== Deaths ==
* [[January 13]] &ndash; [[Bertrand de Blanchefort]], French [[Grand Masters of the Knights Templar|Grand Master]] 
* [[January 18]] &ndash; [[Shawar]], Fatimid vizier and ''[[de facto]]'' ruler
* [[February 4]] &ndash; [[John of Ajello]], Italian bishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Catania|Catania]]
* [[February 6]] &ndash; [[Thoros II, Prince of Armenia|Thoros II]] ("the Great"), prince of [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia|Armenia]]
* [[March 23]] &ndash; [[Shirkuh]], Zangid general and chief [[vizier]]<ref name=Runciman/>
* [[May 21]] &ndash; [[Berthold of Zwiefalten]], German [[abbot]]
* [[July 9]] &ndash; [[Guido of Pisa]], Italian geographer 
* [[Abu'l-Hasan Bayhaqi]], Persian [[polymath]]
* [[Basil bar Shumna]], archbishop of [[Bishopric of Edessa|Edessa]]
* [[Bohemond II of Manoppello|Bohemond II]], Italian count of [[Manoppello]]
* [[Boleslaw of Sweden|Boleslaw]], Swedish co-ruler of [[Östergötland]]
* [[Gerhoh of Reichersberg]], German theologian
* [[Hilary of Chichester]], English bishop (b. [[1110]])
* [[Hillin of Falmagne]], German archbishop 
* [[Luke Chrysoberges]], Byzantine patriarch
* [[Mujir ad-Din Abaq|Mujir al-Din Abaq]], governor of Damascus
* [[Otomae]], Japanese female singer (b. [[1085]])
* [[Ramiro Fróilaz]], Leonese military leader
* [[Stephen du Perche]], Sicilian chancellor

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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