Editing 1135

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2011}}
{{About year|1135}}
{{Year nav|1135}}
{{C12 year in topic}}
[[File:Map Crusader states 1135-en.svg|upright=1.35|thumb|The [[Near East]] with the [[Crusader states]]]]
Year '''1135''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCXXXV]]''') was a [[common year starting on Tuesday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>

=== By place ===
[[File:Anonymous - Death of the Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mustarshid bi-llah, Assassinated During the Reign of Sultan Mas’ud, - 1965.51.6 - Yale University Art Gallery.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Assassination of [[Al-Mustarshid]] in 1135]]

==== Levant ====
* Spring &ndash; [[Shams al-Mulk Isma'il]], Seljuk ruler of [[Damascus]], sends envoys to [[Imad al-Din Zengi]], Seljuk ruler of [[Mosul]], to seek his protection in exchange of Damascus. Zengi crosses the [[Euphrates]], receiving the surrender of the city of [[Hama]]. He besieges Damascus but, due to a shortage of supplies, is forced to abandon the siege. Zengi extricates himself from Damascus, his Seljuk forces capture the fortresses at [[Ma'arrat al-Nu'man|Ma'arrat]] and [[Atharib]].<ref>[[Steven Runciman]] (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem'', p. 158. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29876-3}}.</ref>
* Queen [[Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem|Melisende]] of [[Kingdom of Jerusalem|Jerusalem]] reconciles with her husband [[Fulk, King of Jerusalem|Fulk V]], after a period of estrangement occasioned by her growing power, and rumors that she has had an affair with [[Hugh II of Jaffa|Hugh II]] (''du Puiset''), former count of [[County of Jaffa and Ascalon|Jaffa]].

==== Europe ====
* [[January 7]] &ndash; King [[Harald Gille|Harald IV]] returns with Danish reinforcements and the support of King [[Eric II of Denmark|Eric II]] ("the Memorable"). He captures his nephew and joint ruler [[Magnus IV of Norway|Magnus IV]] (Sigurdsson), who is blinded, castrated – and confined in [[Nidarholm Abbey]] (located on the island of [[Munkholmen]]).
* [[May 26]] &ndash; King [[Alfonso VII of León and Castile|Alfonso VII]] is crowned as "Emperor of All Spain" (''[[Imperator totius Hispaniae]]'') in the [[León Cathedral|Cathedral of León]]. The coronation is attended by [[Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona|Ramon Berenguer IV]] (his brother-in-law), [[Raymond V, Count of Toulouse|Raymond V]] and other Spanish nobles who have recognize him as their [[overlord]].
* Summer &ndash; King [[Roger II of Sicily|Roger II]] lands with a Sicilian expeditionary force in [[Salerno]]. He splits his army, and conquers the cities of [[Aversa]] and [[Alife, Campania|Alife]]. Roger besieges [[Naples]] – but despite poor health conditions within the city, he is not able to take it, and returns again to [[Messina]]. 
* [[August 15]] &ndash; Emperor [[Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor|Lothair III]] receives homage from Eric II, and makes him an imperial prince at the [[Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)|Reichstag]]. His diplomatic missions to [[Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)|Hungary]] and [[Greater Poland|Poland]] result in a tribute payment. Duke [[Bolesław III Wrymouth]] is given [[Duchy of Pomerania|Pomerania]] and [[Principality of Rügen|Rügen]] as German fiefs.
* Lothair III receives a [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] embassy at his court, on behalf of Emperor [[John II Komnenos]]. It offers large financial subsidies for Lothair to start a campaign against Roger II. The negotiations will last for some months.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of the Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem'', p. 170. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29876--3}}.</ref>
* [[September]] &ndash; King [[García Ramírez of Navarre|García IV]] ("the Restorer") breaks with Alfonso VII, and makes common cause with the [[County of Portugal]] against [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]] and [[Kingdom of León|León]]. 
* [[October]] &ndash; [[Conrad III of Germany|Conrad III]], duke of [[Duchy of Franconia|Franconia]], gives up his title as [[King of Italy]] in opposition with Lothair III. He receives a pardon and recovers his estates.
* [[Republic of Pisa|Pisa]]ns in the service of the [[Holy See]] ([[Diocese of Rome]]) sack the city of [[Republic of Amalfi|Amalfi]].
* A [[Moors|Moorish]] fleet raids the [[County of Barcelona|Catalan]] port-town of [[Elne|Elna]] (Southern [[France]]).{{sfn|McGrank|1981}}

==== England ====
* [[December 1]] &ndash; King [[Henry I of England|Henry I]] dies at [[Lyons-la-Forêt]] in [[Duchy of Normandy|Normandy]] after a 35-year reign. He is succeeded by his nephew [[Stephen, King of England|Stephen of Blois]] (grandson of [[William the Conqueror]]), who asserts his claim to the throne in opposition to claims by Henry's daughter [[Empress Matilda|Matilda]] (prolonged in a civil war known as [[The Anarchy]]).
* [[December 26]] &ndash; Stephen of Blois is crowned at [[Westminster Abbey]] in [[London]] by Archbishop [[William de Corbeil]]. Matilda (pregnant with child) and her husband [[Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou|Geoffrey V]] ("the Fair") leave for their own safety to Normandy, where she plans how to overthrow Stephen and claim the English throne for her own.

==== Middle East ====
* [[August 29]] &ndash; Caliph [[Al-Mustarshid]] is assassinated at [[Baghdad]] after a 17-year reign. He is succeeded by his son [[Al-Rashid Billah]] as ruler of the [[Abbasid dynasty|Abbasid]] Caliphate (until [[1138]]).

==== North Africa ====
* Summer &ndash; A Sicilian expeditionary force led by Roger II embarks from Messina and takes the island of [[Djerba]] (modern [[Tunisia]]).{{sfn|Picard|1997}}
* The [[Hammadid dynasty|Hammadid Emirate]] (modern [[Algeria]]) launches an assault against the city of [[Mahdia]] (modern [[Tunisia]]).{{sfn|Johns|2002}}

==== Asia ====
* [[Jin–Song Wars|Jin–Song War]] &ndash; Song forces under [[Yue Fei]] begin a counteroffensive against the [[Jurchen people|Jurchen]]-ruled [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]] in northern [[China]]. He defeats Jin forces, by entangling his [[Paddle steamer|paddle-wheel ships]] at the [[Huai River]]. 
* [[June 4]] &ndash; Emperor [[Emperor Huizong of Song|Hui Zong]] dies in exile in [[Heilongjiang]] ([[Manchuria]]), having been held prisoner with his son [[Emperor Qinzong|Qin Zong]] since their capture in [[1127]].

=== By topic ===

==== Religion ====
* January &ndash; [[Byland Abbey]] is founded in [[Kingdom of England|England]] by the [[Congregation of Savigny]].
* [[Buildwas Abbey]] is founded in England by [[Roger de Clinton]], bishop of [[Diocese of Coventry|Coventry]].</onlyinclude>

== Births ==
* [[Abu Yaqub Yusuf]], caliph of the [[Almohad Caliphate]] (d. [[1184]])
* [[Adachi Morinaga]], Japanese warrior monk (d. [[1200]])
* [[Albert of Chiatina]], Italian [[archpriest]] and saint (d. [[1202]])
* [[André of Brienne]], French [[Nobility|nobleman]] (approximate date)
* [[Bogumilus]], archbishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gniezno|Gniezno]] (approximate date)
* [[Burhan al-Din al-Marghinani]], Arabic [[Hanafi]] jurist (d. [[1197]])
* [[Conrad, Count Palatine of the Rhine|Conrad of Hohenstaufen]], German nobleman (d. [[1195]])
* [[Fernando Afonso of Portugal|Fernando Afonso]], Portuguese [[Grand Master (order)|Grand Master]] (d. [[1207]])
* [[Gertrude of Flanders, Countess of Savoy|Gertrude of Flanders]], countess of [[Savoy]] (d. [[1186]])
* [[Hafsa bint al-Hajj al-Rukuniyya]], Andalusian poet (d. [[1190]])
* [[Henry fitz Ailwin|Henry Fitz Eylwin]], 1st [[Lord Mayor of London]] (d. [[1212]])
* [[Herman IV, Margrave of Baden|Herman IV]], margrave of [[Margraviate of Baden|Baden]] and [[March of Verona|Verona]] (d. 1190)
* [[Hugh de Willoughby (1135–1205)|Hugh de Willoughby]], English nobleman (d. [[1205]])
* [[Inge I of Norway|Inge I]] ("the Hunchback"), king of [[Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)|Norway]] (d. [[1161]])
* [[Joachim of Fiore]], Italian theologian and mystic (d. 1202)
* [[Karl Jónsson]], Icelandic clergyman and poet (d. [[1213]])
* [[Magnus Haraldsson (son of Harald Gille)|Magnus Haraldsson]], king of [[Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)|Norway]] (approximate date)
* [[Maimonides]], Almoravid philosopher and physician (d. [[1204]])
* [[Margaret of Navarre]], queen of [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]] (approximate date)
* [[Minamoto no Yoshishige]], Japanese [[samurai]] (d. 1202)
* [[Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī]], Persian mathematician (d. 1213)
* [[Simone Doria (admiral)|Simone Doria]], Genoese admiral (approximate date)
* [[Roger de Newburgh]], English nobleman (d. [[1192]])
* [[Rudolf of Zähringen]], German archbishop (d. [[1191]])
* [[Samson of Tottington]], English monk and [[abbot]] (d. [[1211]])
* [[Walkelin de Derby]] (or Ferrers), Norman nobleman (d. 1190)
* [[William of the White Hands]], French archbishop (d. 1202)
* [[Empress Xie (Xiaozong)|Xie]] (Xiaozong), Chinese empress of the [[Song dynasty]] (d. 1207)

== Deaths ==
* [[February 1]] &ndash; [[Shams al-Mulk Isma'il]], Seljuk ruler (b. [[1113]])
* [[February 6]] &ndash; [[Elvira of Castile, Queen of Sicily|Elvira of Castile]], queen of [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]] (b. [[1100]])
* [[February 9]] &ndash; [[Emperor Taizong of Jin|Taizong]], emperor of the [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]] (b. [[1075]])
* May &ndash; [[Rainier, Marquess of Montferrat|Rainier]] (or Renier), marquess of [[Montferrat]] (b. [[1084]])
* [[June 4]] &ndash; [[Emperor Huizong of Song|Huizong]], emperor of the [[Song dynasty]] (b. [[1082]])
* [[August 9]] &ndash; [[Wartislaw I]], duke of [[Duchy of Pomerania|Pomerania]] (b. [[1091]])
* [[August 29]] &ndash; [[Al-Mustarshid]], Abbasid caliph (b. [[1092]])
* [[December 1]] &ndash; [[Henry I of England|Henry I]], king of [[Kingdom of England|England]] (b. [[1068]])
* [[Abd al-Majid ibn Abdun]], Andalusian poet (b. [[1050]])
* [[Gerald de Windsor]], English nobleman (b. 1075)
* [[Gisela of Burgundy, Marchioness of Montferrat|Gisela of Burgundy]], marchioness of Montferrat, French noblewoman (b. 1075)
* [[Harald Kesja]] ("the Spear"), king of [[Denmark]] (b. [[1080]])
* [[Liang Hongyu]] ("Red Jade"), Chinese female general (b. [[1102]])
* [[Meginhard I, Count of Sponheim]], German nobleman (approximate date)
* [[Yuanwu Keqin]], Chinese [[Chan Buddhism|Chan Buddhist]] monk (b. [[1063]])

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==

{{refbegin}}

* {{cite book
| last1     = Johns
| first     = Jeremy
| title     = Arabic Administration in Norman Sicily: The Royal Diwan
| url     = https://archive.org/details/arabicadministra00john
| url-access = limited
| series    = Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization
| date      = 2002
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| isbn      = 978-0521816922
| page      = [https://archive.org/details/arabicadministra00john/page/n104 85]
}}

* {{cite journal
| last1     = McGrank
| first1    = Lawrence
| title     = Norman crusaders in the Catalan reconquest: Robert Burdet and the principality of Tarragona, 1129-55
| journal   = Journal of Medieval History
| date      = 1981
| volume    = 7
| issue     = 1
| pages     = 67–82
| doi       = 10.1016/0304-4181(81)90036-1
}}

* {{cite book
| title     = La mer et les musulmans d'occident au Moyen Âge, VIIIe-XIIIe siècle
| language  = fr
| first1    = Christophe
| last1     = Picard
| date      = 1997
| publisher = Presses Universitaires de France
| isbn      = 978-2130488101 
}}

{{refend}}

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[[Category:1135| ]]