Editing 1091

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2011}}
{{About year|1091}}
{{Year nav|1091}}
{{C11 year in topic}} 
[[File:Roger I of Sicily (Troina).jpg|thumb|right|[[Roger I of Sicily]] (r. 1071–1101)]]
Year '''1091''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MXCI]]''') was a [[common year starting on Wednesday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>

=== By place ===

==== Byzantine Empire ====
* Spring &ndash; [[Tzachas]], a Seljuk Turkish military commander, establishes an independent maritime state centred in the [[Ionia]]n coastal city of [[Smyrna]] (modern-day [[İzmir]]). He proclaims himself emperor (''[[basileus]]''), and concludes an alliance with the [[Pechenegs]] in [[Thrace (theme)|Thrace]]. Tzachas uses his fleet to blockade [[Constantinople]] by sea, while the Pechenegs besiege the capital by land.<ref>Brian Todd Carey (2012). ''Road to Manzikert: Byzantine and Islamic Warfare (527–1071)'', p. 160. {{ISBN|978-1-84884-215-1}}.</ref>
* [[April 29]] &ndash; [[Battle of Levounion]]: Emperor [[Alexios I Komnenos|Alexios I]], supported by his allies, defeats 80,000 of Pechenegs (including women and children) at the [[Maritsa|Evros River]], near [[Enez|Enos]] (modern [[Turkey]]). The [[Cumans]] and Byzantine forces fall upon the enemy camp, slaughtering all in their path. The Pechenegs are butchered so savagely, that this people is almost wiped out.

==== Europe ====
* Spring &ndash; King [[Stephen II of Croatia|Stephen II]], the last member of the [[Trpimirović dynasty]], dies without leaving an heir after a 2-year reign. War and unrest breaks out in [[Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)|Croatia]] afterwards. King [[Ladislaus I of Hungary]], on instigation of his sister, Queen [[Helena of Hungary, Queen of Croatia|Helena]], intervenes in the conflict and occupies Croatia. He proclaims himself king, but is contested by the Croatian nobleman [[Petar Snačić]].
* [[February]] &ndash; [[Norman conquest of southern Italy|Norman conquest of Sicily]]: The [[Normans]] conquer [[Noto]] and complete the 30-year-long conquest of [[Sicily]] from the Moorish rulers. Duke [[Roger Borsa]] (a son of [[Robert Guiscard]]) surrenders his share in the castles of [[Calabria]], and receives his inheritance of [[Palermo]]. He grants charters to various towns and encourages [[urban planning]] in [[County of Apulia and Calabria|Apulia and Calabria]]. 
* Summer &ndash; The [[Norman invasion of Malta]]: A Norman fleet led by Count [[Roger I of Sicily]] ("Bosso") arrives in [[Malta]]. Roger disembarks his army, and besieges the island's capital Medina (modern-day [[Mdina]]). The inhabitants negotiate peace terms (by promising to pay an annual [[tribute]]) and swear an oath of loyalty to Roger. On the way back, the Normans sack the island [[Gozo]].
* [[July]] &ndash; The [[Abbadid dynasty]] ruling in [[Al-Andalus]] (modern [[Spain]]) falls when [[Almoravid dynasty|Almoravid]] forces storm [[Seville]]. Confronted with this threat, Emir [[Taifa of Badajoz#Emirs of Badajoz|Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr Muhammad al-Aftas]] of [[Badajoz]] obtains the support of King [[Alfonso VI of León and Castile|Alfonso VI]] ("the Brave") of [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]], in exchange for the Moorish positions on the river [[Tagus]] ([[Sintra]], [[Santarém, Portugal|Santarém]] and [[Lisbon]]).<ref name=picard2000>{{cite book|last=Picard|first=Christophe|title=Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe siècle. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique|year=2000|publisher=Maisonneuve & Larose|location=Paris|isbn=2-7068-1398-9|page=109}}</ref>

==== Britain and France====
* [[February 2]] &ndash; King [[William II of England]] invades western [[Duchy of Normandy|Normandy]] with a large army. His brothers, [[Henry I of England|Henry]] and [[Robert Curthose]], mobilize mercenary forces to resist him during a siege at [[Mont-Saint-Michel]]. Under terms of the [[Treaty of Caen]], estates on the [[Cotentin Peninsula]] of Normandy are surrendered to William, matters being concluded in August.<ref name=CBH>{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|last2=Palmer|first2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref>
* July &ndash; King [[Malcolm III of Scotland]] invades [[Kingdom of England|England]], reaching as far south as [[Durham, England|Durham]]. The Normans led by William II and Robert march north to oppose the Scots, but a conflict is averted. Malcolm is forced to accept the terms of the [[Treaty of Abernethy]] ([[1072]]) and pays [[Homage (feudal)|homage]] to William.<ref name=CBH/>
* [[Cardiff Castle]] in Wales is constructed by [[Robert Fitzhamon]], Norman lord of [[Feudal barony of Gloucester|Gloucester]] (approximate date).

=== By topic ===

==== Disasters ====
* [[October 17]] &ndash; [[London tornado of 1091|London tornado]]: A [[TORRO scale|T8 tornado]] (roughly equal to an F4 on the [[Fujita scale]]) occurs in [[London]]. The wooden [[London Bridge]] is demolished and the church of [[St Mary-le-Bow|St. Mary-le-Bow]] is badly damaged.

==== Religion ====
* December &ndash; [[Athanasius VI bar Khamoro]] becomes (against his will) patriarch and head of the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]] in [[Antioch]] (until [[1129]]).</onlyinclude>

== Births ==
* [[September 18]] &ndash; [[Andronikos Komnenos (son of Alexios I)|Andronikos Komnenos]], Byzantine prince and general
* [[December 22]] &ndash; [[Jutta von Sponheim]], German [[abbess]] (d. [[1136]])
* [[Hongzhi Zhengjue]], Chinese [[Chan Buddhism|Chan]] [[Chinese Buddhism|Buddhist]] monk and writer (d. [[1157]])
* [[Matilda, Countess of Rethel|Matilda of Rethel]], French [[Nobility|noblewoman]] and sovereign (d. [[1151]])
* [[Tiantong Zongjue]], Chinese [[Chinese Buddhism|Buddhist]] monk and patriarch (d. [[1162]])

== Deaths ==
* [[March 26]] &ndash; [[Wallada bint al-Mustakfi]], Andalusian female [[poet]] (b. [[994]])
* [[June 17]] &ndash; [[Dirk V, Count of Holland|Dirk V]], count of [[County of Holland|Friesland]] (west of the [[Vlie]]) (b. [[1052]])
* [[June 29]] &ndash; [[Frederick of Montbéliard]], margrave of [[March of Turin|Turin]]
* [[July 5]] &ndash; [[William of Hirsau]], German [[abbot]] and music theorist 
* [[August 8]] &ndash; [[Altmann, Bishop of Passau|Altmann of Passau]], German bishop and saint 
* [[August 25]] &ndash; [[Sisnando Davides]], Mozarab military leader
* [[December 19]] 
** [[Adelaide of Susa]], margravine of Turin
** [[Fujiwara no Tadaie]], Japanese statesman (b. [[1033]])
* [[Fu Yaoyu]], Chinese government official and politician (b. [[1024]])
* [[Helena of Hungary, Queen of Croatia|Helena of Hungary]], queen consort of [[Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)|Croatia]] (approximate date)
* [[Jordan I of Capua|Jordan I]] (or Giordano), Italo-Norman prince of [[Principality of Capua|Capua]]
* [[Mac meic Aedh Ua Flaithbheartaigh]], Irish king of [[Iar Connacht]]
* [[Robert D'Oyly]], Norman nobleman (approximate date)
* [[Stephen II of Croatia|Stephen II]] (or Stjepan), king of Croatia (approximate date)
* [[Wolfhelm of Brauweiler]], German [[Benedictines|Benedictine]] abbot
* [[Artuk Bey]] (Zaheer-ul-Daulah Artuk Beg), Seljuk general and governor

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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