Editing 1077

{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{About year|1077}}
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{{C11 year in topic}}
[[File:Jura de Santa Gadea.jpg|alt=upright=1.35|thumb|King [[Alfonso VI of León and Castile|Alfonso VI]] is crowned, and becomes "Emperor of all [[Spain]]".]]
Year '''1077''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MLXXVII]]''') was a [[common year starting on Sunday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>

=== By place ===

==== Byzantine Empire ====
* Fall &ndash; [[Nikephoros Bryennios the Elder]], governor (''[[Dux|doux]]'') of the [[Dyrrhachium (theme)|Theme of Dyrrhachium]] in the western [[Balkans]], and [[Nikephoros III Botaneiates|Nikephoros Botaneiates]], a general (''[[strategos]]'') of the [[Anatolic Theme|Theme of Anatolics]] (modern [[Turkey]]), are proclaimed emperors by their troops. Emperor [[Michael VII Doukas]] offers Bryennios the title of ''[[Caesar (title)|caesar]]'' (co-emperor) if he submits to his rule, but Bryennios refuses. He sets out from Dyrrhachium, and marches towards [[Constantinople]].

==== Europe ====
* [[January 25]] &ndash; [[Road to Canossa|Walk to Canossa]]: Emperor [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry IV]] travels to the [[Canossa Castle|Castle of Canossa]] near [[Province of Reggio Emilia|Reggio Emilia]] (Northern [[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|Italy]]), to visit Pope [[Pope Gregory VII|Gregory VII]]. He waits (with his wife [[Bertha of Savoy]] and son [[Conrad II of Italy|Conrad]]) at the gates for three days, for absolution of his [[excommunication]]. Gregory lifts the sentence, imposing on Henry a vow to comply with certain conditions (see [[Investiture Controversy]]).
* King [[Alfonso VI of León and Castile|Alfonso VI]] ("the Brave") reaches an agreement with his cousin [[Sancho Ramírez]], who is elected as king of [[Kingdom of Navarre|Navarre]]. Alfonso annexes the territories of [[Álava]], part of [[Gipuzkoa]] and [[La Bureba]], he is crowned and adopts the title of ''[[Imperator totius Hispaniae]]'' ("Emperor of all [[Spain]]").<ref>Minguez Fernández, José María (2009). ''Alfonso VI/Gregorio VII. Soberanía imperial frente a soberanía papal'', pp. 30–33. ISSN 1575-801X.</ref>
* [[March 14]] &ndash; German nobles opposing king Henry IV elected an [[antiking]], [[Rudolf of Rheinfelden]], despite king Henry having been absolved.
* [[April 3]] &ndash; Henry IV grants the County of [[Friuli]] (with ducal status) to [[List of bishops and patriarchs of Aquileia#Patriarch of Aquileia|Sigaerd of Beilstein]], patriarch of [[Patriarchate of Aquileia|Aquileia]]. He creates the first [[Parliament]], representing the [[Comune|communes]] as well the [[nobility]] and [[clergy]].
* [[Hugh I, Duke of Burgundy|Hugh I]], duke of [[Duchy of Burgundy|Burgundy]], supports Sancho Ramírez (or Sancho V) in his conquest of the Castle of [[Secastilla|Muñones]] from Emir [[Ahmad al-Muqtadir]], who rules the [[Taifa of Zaragoza]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Canellas |first=Angel |title=Las Cruzadas de Aragon en el Siglo XI |journal=Argensola: Revista de Ciencias Sociales del Instituto de Estudios Altoaragoneses |issn=0518-4088 |volume=7 |year=1951 |url=http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/fichero_articulo?codigo=2110493&orden=81753 |access-date=February 22, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715001600/http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/fichero_articulo?codigo=2110493&orden=81753 |archive-date=July 15, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* King [[Mihailo Vojislavljević|Mihailo I]] is given the title "[[King of the Slavs]]" by Gregory VII. He becomes the first recognized ruler of the kingdom of [[Duklja]] (modern [[Montenegro]]).

==== England ====
* [[August 14]] &ndash; A fire destroys much of [[London]].<ref name=Fires>"Fires, Great", in ''The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance'', p. 25. Cornelius Walford, ed. (C. and E. Layton, 1876).</ref>
* [[Robert Curthose]] instigates his first insurrection against his father, King [[William the Conqueror]] in the [[Duchy of Normandy|Normandy]]. 
* The first recorded [[trial by combat]] is held between Wulfstan and Walter.

==== Seljuk Empire ====
* [[Suleiman ibn Qutulmish]], a cousin of late Sultan [[Alp Arslan]], consolidates his leadership over the [[Oghuz Turks]] and founds the [[Sultanate of Rum]] (modern [[Turkey]]).<ref>Claude Cahen (1968). ''Pre-Ottoman Turkey: a general survey of the material and spiritual culture and history c. 1070–1330''. Trans. J. Jones-Williams, pp. 73–74 (New York: Taplinger).</ref>
* [[Anushtegin Gharchai]] becomes governor (''[[shihna]]'') of [[Khwarazmian dynasty|Khwarezm]] and a [[vassal]] of the [[Seljuk Empire]] (until [[1097]]).

==== Africa ====
* The [[Almoravid dynasty|Almoravids]] complete the conquest of the [[Ghana Empire]], and reach Spain (approximate date).

=== By topic ===

==== Arts ====
* The [[Bayeux Tapestry]] ([[embroidery]]) is completed, probably in [[Kingdom of England|England]], possibly to unveil at the dedication of [[Bayeux Cathedral]] this year.<ref>{{cite book|last=Grape|first=Wolfgang|title=The Bayeux tapestry: monument to a Norman triumph|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xfvqAAAAMAAJ|access-date=2012-05-03|year=1994|publisher=Prestel|isbn=978-3-7913-1365-8}}</ref>

==== Religion ====
* [[September 1]] &ndash; Pope [[Pope Gregory VII|Gregory VII]] appoints [[Landulf (bishop of Pisa)|Landulf]] as bishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Pisa|Pisa]]. He makes him permanent legate of the Holy See in [[Corsica]].<ref>Cowdrey, H. E. J. (1998). ''Pope Gregory VII, 1073–1085'', p. 279. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</ref>
* [[Paul of Caen]] is installed as [[abbot]] of [[Diocese of St Albans|St. Albans]] in England. He commences the building of [[St Albans Cathedral|St. Albans Abbey Church]].
* Pope [[Pope Christodolos of Alexandria|Christodolos]] ends his reign as leader of the [[Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria]] (modern [[Egypt]]).</onlyinclude>

== Births ==
* [[January 7]] &ndash; [[Emperor Zhezong|Zhezong]], Chinese emperor of the [[Song dynasty]] (d. [[1100]])
* [[Joseph ibn Migash]], Spanish scholar and [[rabbi]] (d. [[1141]])
* [[Ye Mengde]], Chinese scholar, minister and [[Chinese poetry|poet]] (d. [[1148]])
* ''approximate date'' &ndash; [[Alexios Komnenos (governor of Dyrrhachium)|Alexios Komnenos]], Byzantine aristocrat and governor

== Deaths ==
* [[April 11]] &ndash; [[Anawrahta]], founder of the [[Pagan Kingdom|Pagan Empire]] (b. [[1014]])
* [[April 25]] &ndash; [[Géza I of Hungary|Géza I]] ("Magnus"), king of [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]]
* [[October 14]] &ndash; [[Andronikos Doukas (cousin of Michael VII)|Andronikos Doukas]], Byzantine [[Nobility|nobleman]]
* [[November 27]] &ndash; [[Landulf VI of Benevento|Landulf VI]], prince of [[Duchy of Benevento|Benevento]]
* [[December 14]] &ndash; [[Agnes of Poitou]], Holy Roman Empress
* [[December 21]] &ndash; [[Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi]], Persian historian (b. [[995]])
* [[December 27]] &ndash; [[Sviatoslav II of Kiev|Sviatoslav II]], Grand Prince of [[Kyiv]] (b. [[1027]])
* ''date unknown''
** [[Eleanor of Normandy]], countess of [[County of Flanders|Flanders]] (b. [[1010]])
** [[Minamoto no Takakuni]], Japanese nobleman (b. [[1004]])
** [[Roussel de Bailleul]], Norman warrior and military leader
** [[Shao Yong]], Chinese philosopher and [[Cosmology|cosmologist]] (b. [[1011]])
** [[Zhang Zai]], Chinese philosopher and cosmologist (b. [[1020]])

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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