Editing 1075

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2011}}
{{About year|1075}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2018}}
{{Year nav|1075}}
{{C11 year in topic}} 
[[File:Shen Kua.JPG|upright=1.35|thumb|Modern artist impression of [[Shen Kuo]]]]
Year '''1075''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MLXXV]]''') was a [[common year starting on Thursday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>

=== By place ===

====Africa====
* The [[Kingdom of Mapungubwe]] is established, in modern-day [[South Africa]].

====Byzantine Empire====
* The future Emperor Alexios Komnenos captures the Norman rebel [[Roussel de Bailleul]] in [[Amasya|Amaseia]]. Roussel had established a principality in eastern [[Anatolia]] in 1073 after rebelling against Emperor [[Michael VII Doukas]], basing his power on his western mercenaries and local support in exchange for protection against invading Turkmen.<ref>Alexander Daniel Beihammer (2017). ''Byzantium and the Emergence of Muslim-Turkish Anatolia, Ca. 1040-1130'', p. 210-212.</ref>

==== Europe ====
* [[June 9]] &ndash; First [[Battle of Langensalza (1075)|Battle of Langensalza]]: Emperor [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry IV]] defeats the Saxon nobles on the [[Unstrut|River Unstrut]] near [[Bad Langensalza|Langensalza]] in [[Thuringia]] (modern [[Germany]]). He subjugates [[Saxony]], and immediately tries to reassert his rights as the sovereign of northern [[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|Italy]].
* [[Anund Gårdske]] is deposed as king of [[Svealand]] (also called [[Sweden proper]]). King [[Håkan the Red]] of [[Götaland]] proclaims himself ruler of all [[Sweden]].

==== England ====
* [[Revolt of the Earls]]: The Earls [[Ralph de Gael]], [[Roger de Breteuil, 2nd Earl of Hereford|Roger de Breteuil]] and [[Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria|Waltheof]], begin a revolt against King [[William the Conqueror|William I]] ('''the Conqueror''') in the last serious act of resistance to the [[Norman Conquest of England|Norman Conquest]].
* Roger de Breteuil is brought before the [[Magnum Concilium|Great Council]]. He is deprived of his lands and sentenced to perpetual imprisonment. Ralph de Gael and Waltheof are charged as co-conspirators.
* [[August 25]] &ndash; [[Council of London in 1075|Council of London]]: Archbishop [[Lanfranc]] instigates the movement of English bishoprics. One of these is the bishopric of [[Sherborne]] and [[Wiltshire|Wilton]] which is moved to [[Old Sarum]].

==== Asia ====
* Summer &ndash; [[Shen Kuo]], Chinese [[polymath]] scientist and statesman, solves a border dispute with the [[Liao dynasty]] by dredging up old diplomatic records. He refutes Emperor [[Emperor Daozong of Liao|Dao Zong]]'s bluffs point for point during a meeting at Mt. Yongan (near modern-day [[Pingquan]]), reestablishing the rightful borders of the [[Song dynasty]].
* Vietnamese forces under General [[Lý Thường Kiệt]] defend [[Vietnam]] against a Chinese invasion.
* The Liao dynasty version of the Buddhist [[Tripiṭaka]] is completed (approximate date).

=== By topic ===

==== Religion ====
* [[February]] &ndash; Pope [[Pope Gregory VII|Gregory VII]] holds a council in the [[Lateran Palace]] at [[Rome]]. He publishes a decree against laymen [[investiture]] (an act which will later cause the [[Investiture Controversy]]).
* [[April]] &ndash; The ''[[Dictatus papae]]'' (a compilation of 27 statements of powers) are included in the registry of Gregory VII, in which he asserts papal authority over earthly as well as spiritual rulers.
* [[December 8]] &ndash; Gregory VII writes a letter of reprimand to Henry IV. He accuses him of breaching his word and continued support of excommunicated councilors.
* [[December 25]] &ndash; Gregory VII is kidnapped in the church during [[Christmas]] night in Rome and briefly imprisoned by the Roman nobleman [[Cencio I Frangipane]].
</onlyinclude>

== Births ==
* [[March 18]] &ndash; [[Al-Zamakhshari]], Persian philosopher (d. [[1144]])
* [[April 16]] &ndash; [[Orderic Vitalis]], English [[Benedictines|Benedictine]] chronicler<ref>{{cite web|title=Orderic Vitalis {{!}} Norman history|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Orderic-Vitalis|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2018-07-28|language=en}}</ref>
* [[June 5]] &ndash; [[Emperor Tianzuo of Liao|Tianzuo]] (Yanning), last emperor of the [[Liao dynasty]]
* [[November 25]] &ndash; [[Emperor Taizong of Jin|Taizong]], emperor of the [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]] (d. [[1135]])
* [[Adelaide del Vasto]], countess and [[regent]] of [[County of Sicily|Sicily]] (d. [[1118]])
* [[Bertha of Aragon|Bertha]], queen of [[Kingdom of Aragon|Aragon]] and [[Kingdom of Navarre|Navarre]] (approximate date)
* [[Conrad I of Salzburg|Conrad I]], archbishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Salzburg|Salzburg]] (approximate date)
* [[Frederick I (archbishop of Cologne)|Frederick I]], archbishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cologne|Cologne]] (approximate date)
* [[Gerald de Windsor]], English [[Nobility|nobleman]] (approximate date) (d. 1135)
* [[Kim Bu-sik]], Korean statesman and general (d. [[1151]])
* [[Gisela of Burgundy, Marchioness of Montferrat]], French noblewoman (d. 1135)
* [[Henry IX, Duke of Bavaria|Henry IX]] "the Black", duke of [[Duchy of Bavaria|Bavaria]] (d. [[1126]])
* [[Jaya Pala]], Indian king of [[Kamarupa]] (d. [[1100]])
* [[Jinadattasuri]], Indian [[Jainism|Jain]] poet and writer (d. [[1154]])
* [[Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor|Lothair III]] (or II) of Supplinburg, Holy Roman Emperor (d. [[1137]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Lothar II (or III) {{!}} Holy Roman emperor|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lothar-II-Holy-Roman-emperor|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2018-07-28|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Nicholas the Pilgrim]], Italian shepherd and saint (d. [[1094]])
* [[Norbert of Xanten]], archbishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Magdeburg|Magdeburg]] (d. [[1134]])
* [[Raymond Pilet d'Alès]], French nobleman (d. [[1120]])
* [[Soběslav I, Duke of Bohemia|Soběslav I]] (''Sobeslaus''), duke of [[Duchy of Bohemia|Bohemia]] (d. [[1140]])
* [[Svatopluk, Duke of Bohemia|Svatopluk]] "the Lion" of Olomouc, duke of [[Duchy of Bohemia|Bohemia]] (d. [[1109]])
* [[Tancred, Prince of Galilee|Tancred]], Italo-Norman leader of the [[First Crusade]] (d. [[1112]])

== Deaths ==
* [[March 29]] &ndash; [[Ottokar I of Styria|Ottokar I]] (or '''Otakar'''), German nobleman
* [[April 2]] &ndash; [[Al-Qa'im (Abbasid caliph at Baghdad)|Al-Qa'im]], Abbasid caliph in [[Baghdad]] (b. [[1001]])
* [[April 15]] &ndash; [[Erlembald|Erlembald Cotta]], Italian military leader
* [[May 21]] &ndash; [[Richeza of Poland, Queen of Hungary|Richeza]] (or '''Adelaide'''), Hungarian queen
* [[June 9]] &ndash; [[Gebhard of Supplinburg]], German nobleman
* [[June 10]] &ndash; [[Ernest, Margrave of Austria|Ernest]] ('''the Brave'''), margrave of [[Margraviate of Austria|Austria]] (b. [[1027]])
* [[June 23]] &ndash; [[Theodwin of Liège|Theodwin]], prince-bishop of [[Prince-Bishopric of Liège|Liège]]
* [[August 2]] &ndash; [[John VIII of Constantinople|John VIII]], patriarch of [[Constantinople]]
* [[August 27]] &ndash; [[Minamoto no Yoriyoshi]], Japanese nobleman (b. [[988]])
* [[November 6]] &ndash; [[Fujiwara no Norimichi]], Japanese nobleman (b. [[996]])
* [[December 4]] &ndash; [[Anno II]], archbishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cologne|Cologne]]
* [[December 13]] &ndash; [[Xiao Guanyin]], Chinese empress (b. [[1040]])
* [[December 18]] &ndash; [[Edith of Wessex]], English queen
* [[Alī ibn Ahmad al-Nasawī]], Persian mathematician
* [[Al-Mamun of Toledo|Al-Mamun]], Andalusian emir of the [[Taifa of Toledo]]
* [[Amhalgaidh mac Cathal]], king of [[Maigh Seóla]]
* [[Anne of Kiev]] (or '''Agnes'''), French queen and regent
* [[Dedi I, Margrave of the Saxon Ostmark|Dedi I]] (or '''Dedo'''), margrave of the [[Saxon Eastern March|Saxon Ostmark]]
* [[Domnall mac Murchada]], king of [[Leinster]] and [[Kingdom of Dublin|Dublin]] 
* [[Frederick II, Count of Diessen|Frederick II]], German nobleman and overlord (b. [[1005]])
* [[Gofraid mac Amlaíb meic Ragnaill]], king of Dublin
* [[Gundekar II of Eichstätt|Gundekar II]] (or '''Gunzo'''), bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Eichstätt|Eichstätt]] (b. [[1019]])
* [[Ibn Butlan]], Arab [[Nestorianism|Nestorian Christian]] physician (b. [[1038]])
* [[Ibn Hayyan]], Moorish historian and writer (b. [[987]])
* [[John Xiphilinus (historian)|John Xiphilinus]], Byzantine historian (approximate date)
* [[Peter Krešimir IV of Croatia|Peter Krešimir IV]], king of [[Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)|Croatia]] (or [[1074]])
* [[Rashid al-Dawla Mahmud]], Mirdasid emir of [[Aleppo]]
* [[Siward (bishop of Rochester)|Siward]] (or '''Sigweard'''), bishop of [[Diocese of Rochester|Rochester]]

== References ==
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