Editing History of medicine (section)

== Explanatory notes ==
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{{efn|name="asylum numbers"|
England and Wales had nine county and borough asylums in 1827 with an average capacity of a little over 100 patients, but by 1890 there were 66 such asylums containing on average 800 patients each;<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Scull A |title = Most Solitary of Afflictions: Madness And Society in Britain, 1700–1900 |year = 2005 |publisher = Yale University Press |isbn = 978-0-300-10754-8 |page = 281}}</ref> the total number of patients so confined increased from 1,027 in 1827 to 74,004 in 1900.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Jones K |title = Asylums and after: a revised history of the mental health services: from the early 18th century to the 1990s |year = 1993 |publisher = Athlone Press |isbn = 978-0-485-12091-2 |page = 116}}</ref> Similarly, in Germany, between 1852 and 1898 the asylum population increased seven-fold from 11,622 to 74,087 patients during a period when the total population had only grown by ten per cent.<ref name="otto marx" /> In America the asylum population had risen to almost 250,000 on the eve of the First World War.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wright D | title = Getting out of the asylum: understanding the confinement of the insane in the nineteenth century | journal = Social History of Medicine | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 137–155 | date = April 1997 | pmid = 11619188 | doi = 10.1093/shm/10.1.137 }}</ref>
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