Editing History of medicine (section)

== Themes in medical history ==

=== Racism in medicine ===
Racism has a long history in how medicine has evolved and established itself, both in terms of racism experience upon patients, professionals, and wider systematic violence within medical institutions and systems.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Williams DR, Rucker TD | title = Understanding and addressing racial disparities in health care | journal = Health Care Financing Review | volume = 21 | issue = 4 | pages = 75–90 | date = 2000 | pmid = 11481746 | pmc = 4194634 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hamed S, Bradby H, Ahlberg BM, Thapar-Björkert S | title = Racism in healthcare: a scoping review | journal = BMC Public Health | volume = 22 | issue = 1 | pages = 988 | date = May 2022 | pmid = 35578322 | pmc = 9112453 | doi = 10.1186/s12889-022-13122-y | doi-access = free }}</ref> See: [[medical racism in the United States]], [[race and health]], and [[scientific racism]].

=== Women in medicine ===
{{main|Women in medicine}}

Women have always served as healers and midwives since ancient times. However, the professionalization of medicine forced them increasingly to the sidelines. As hospitals multiplied they relied in Europe on orders of Roman Catholic nun-nurses, and German Protestant and Anglican deaconesses in the early 19th century. They were trained in traditional methods of physical care that involved little knowledge of medicine.