Editing Zakat (section)

==Historical practice==
{{Taxation in the Ottoman Empire sidebar}}

Zakat, an Islamic practice initiated by the [[Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]], was first collected on the first day of [[Muharram]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Neyshabouri|first1=Abd al-Husayn|title=Shia Calendar|url=http://ketaab.iec-md.org/TAARIKH/taqvim_shia_neyshaaboori_01.html#2|website=Washington Islamic Education Center|access-date=16 December 2017}}</ref> It has played an important role throughout its history.<ref name="Weiss-1986-p81">{{cite book|author=Weiss, Anita M.|title=Islamic reassertion in Pakistan: the application of Islamic laws in a modern state|publisher=Syracuse University Press|year=1986|isbn=978-0-8156-2375-5|page=81|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ROJZ5yt6O94C&pg=PA81}}</ref> Schact suggests that the idea of zakat may have entered Islam from Judaism, with roots in the Hebrew and Aramaic word ''zakut''.<ref name=Heck/><ref name=yaqara/> However, some Islamic scholars<ref name=yaqara>Yusuf al-Qaradawi (1999), Monzer Kahf (transl.), Fiqh az-Zakat, Dar al Taqwa, London, Volume 1, {{ISBN|978-967-5062-766}}, pp. xxxix–xl</ref> disagree that the Qur'anic verses on zakat (or zakah) have roots in Judaism.<ref>See the discussion about Children of Israel in verses {{qref|9|60-66|b=y}}</ref>

The [[caliph]] [[Abu Bakr]], believed by [[Sunni]] Muslims to be Muhammad's successor, was the first to institute a statutory zakat system.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Hawting, Gerald R.|title=The development of Islamic ritual|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|year=2006|isbn=978-0-86078-712-9|page=301|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oCvf76uT3wMC&pg=PA301}}</ref> Abu Bakr established the principle that the zakat must be paid to the legitimate representative of Muhammad's authority (i.e. himself).<ref name="Weiss-1986-p81"/> However certain tribes refused to pay zakat while staying under the name of Islam which was considered [[apostasy]] and led ultimately, to the [[Ridda wars]].<ref name=mbonner15>Bonner, Michael (2003), ''Poverty and Charity in Middle Eastern Contexts'', State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791457382}}, p. 15: "In the old Arabic narratives about the early Muslim community and its conquests and quarrels, ''zakat'' and ''sadaqa'' loom large at several moments of crisis. These include the beginning of Muhammad's prophetic career in Mecca, when what appear to be the earliest pieces of scripture insist on almsgiving more than any other human activity. These moments of crisis also include the wars of the ''ridda'' or apostasy in C.E. 632–634, just after Muhammad's death. At that time most of the Arabs throughout the peninsula refused to continue paying ''zakat'' (now a kind of tax) to the central authority in Medina; Abu Bakr, upon assuming the leadership, swore he would force them all to pay this ''zakat'', "even if they refuse me only a [camel's] hobble of it," and sent armies that subdued these rebels or "apostates" in large-scale battles that were soon followed by the great Islamic conquests beyond the Arabian peninsula itself."</ref><ref name="Weiss-1986-p81"/><ref>{{cite journal|author=Turner, Bryan |year=2007|title= Religious authority and the new media|journal= Theory, Culture & Society|volume= 24|issue=2|pages= 117–134|doi=10.1177/0263276407075001|s2cid=145564662}}</ref>

The second and third caliphs, [[Umar ibn al-Khattab]] and [[Uthman ibn Affan]], continued Abu Bakr's codification of the zakat.<ref name="Weiss-1986-p81"/> Uthman also modified the zakat collection protocol by decreeing that only "apparent" wealth was taxable, which had the effect of limiting zakat to mostly being paid on agricultural land and produce.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Hashmi, Sohail H.|chapter=The Problem of Poverty in Islamic Ethics|editor1=Galston|editor2=William A.| editor3=Hoffenberg, Peter H.|title=Poverty and Morality: Religious and Secular Perspectives|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-521-12734-9|page=202|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VyzuGet8080C&pg=PA202}}</ref> During the reign of [[Ali ibn Abu Talib]], the issue of zakat was tied to legitimacy of his government. After Ali, his supporters refused to pay zakat to [[Muawiyah I]], as they did not recognize his legitimacy.<ref name="Weiss-1986-p81"/>

The practice of Islamic state-administered zakat was short-lived in Medina. During the reign of [[Umar bin Abdul Aziz]] (717–720&nbsp;CE), it is reported that no one in Medina needed the zakat. After him, zakat came more to be considered as an individual responsibility.<ref name="Weiss-1986-p81" /> This view changed over Islamic history. Sunni Muslims and rulers, for example, considered collection and disbursement of zakat as one of the functions of an Islamic state; this view has continued in modern Islamic countries.<ref>Faiz Mohammad (1991), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41259525 "Prospects of Poverty Eradication Through the Existing 'Zakat' System in Pakistan"], ''The Pakistan Development Review'', Vol. 30, No. 4, 1119–1129</ref>

Zakat is one of the [[five pillars of Islam]], and in various Islamic polities of the past was expected to be paid by all practising Muslims who have the financial means (''[[nisab]]'').<ref>{{cite book|author=Tamimi, Azzam|title=Rachid Ghannouchi: a democrat within Islamism|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-19-514000-2|page=140|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b6GhV3Eu5OAC&pg=PA140}}</ref> In addition to their zakat obligations, Muslims were encouraged to make voluntary contributions (''[[sadaqat]]'').<ref>{{cite book|author=Bogle, Emory C.|title=Islam: origin and belief|publisher=University of Texas Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-292-70862-4|page=31|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IpFhLDUw20gC&pg=PA31}}</ref> The zakat was not collected from non-Muslims, although they were required to pay the ''[[jizyah]]'' tax.<ref>{{cite book|author=Khatab, Sayed|title=The power of sovereignty: the political and ideological philosophy of Sayyid Qutb|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2006|isbn=978-0-415-37250-3|page=62|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MMjwuRh_2EkC&pg=PA62}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Zaman, M. Raquibuz|chapter=Islamic Perspectives on Territorial Boundaries and Autonomy|editor1=Miller, David|editor2=Hashmi, Sohail H.|title=Boundaries and justice: diverse ethical perspectives|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-691-08800-6|page=189|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1vaCRnHK65kC&pg=PA189}}</ref> Depending on the region, the dominant portion of zakat went typically to ''Amil'' (the zakat collectors) or Sabīlillāh (those fighting for religious cause, the caretaker of local mosque, or those working in the cause of God such as proselytizing non-Muslims to convert to Islam).<ref name=masahikotimur/><ref name=marty321/>