Editing Yeshiva (section)

===19th century to present===

====Conservative movement====
[[File:JTSA 122 Bway jeh.JPG|thumb|[[Jewish Theological Seminary of America|JTS]] building in [[Manhattan]]]]
In 1854, the [[Jewish Theological Seminary of Breslau]] was founded. It was headed by [[Zecharias Frankel]], and was viewed as the first educational institution associated with "positive-historical Judaism", the predecessor of [[Conservative Judaism]]. In subsequent years, Conservative Judaism established a number of other institutions of higher learning (such as the [[Jewish Theological Seminary of America]] in New York City) that emulate the style of traditional yeshivas in significant ways. Many do not officially refer to themselves as "yeshivas" (one exception is the [[Conservative Yeshiva]] in Jerusalem), and all are open to both women and men, who study in the same classrooms and follow the same curriculum. Students may study part-time, as in a kollel, or full-time, and they may study ''lishmah'' (for the sake of studying itself) or towards earning rabbinic ordination.

====Nondenominational or mixed====
{{See also|#Curriculum}}
Non-denominational yeshivas and kollels with connections to Conservative Judaism include [[Yeshivat Hadar]] in New York, whose leaders include [[Rabbinical Assembly]] members [[Elie Kaunfer]] and [[Shai Held]]. The rabbinical school of the [[Academy for Jewish Religion in California]] is led by Conservative rabbi Mel Gottlieb. The faculty of the [[Academy for Jewish Religion in New York]] and of the Rabbinical School of [[Hebrew College]] in [[Newton Centre]], Massachusetts also includes many Conservative rabbis.
See also [[Institute of Traditional Judaism]].

More recently, several non-traditional, and nondenominational (also called "transdenominational" or "postdenominational") seminaries have been established.<ref>Rabbi Andrea Lobel (2021). [https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/belief/articles/rabbis-different-path-to-ordination A Different Path to Ordination], ''[[Tablet (magazine)|Tablet]]''</ref><ref>Josh Nathan-Kazis (2012). [https://forward.com/news/166946/online-ordained-rabbis-grab-pulpits/ Online-Ordained Rabbis Grab Pulpits], ''[[The Forward]]''</ref><ref>Rabbi [[Patrick Aleph|P. Beaulier]] (2019). [https://ejewishphilanthropy.com/want-more-diversity-in-rabbinical-schools-then-move-them-online/ Want More Diversity In Rabbinical Schools? Then Move Them Online], ejewishphilanthropy.com</ref> These grant semikha in a shorter time, and with a modified curriculum, generally focusing on leadership and pastoral roles. These are [[Jewish Spiritual Leaders Institute|JSLI]], [[Rabbinical Seminary International|RSI]], [[Pluralistic Rabbinical Seminary|PRS]] and [[List of rabbinical schools#Non-denominational|Ateret Tzvi]]. The [[Mesifta Adath Wolkowisk|Wolkowisk Mesifta]] is aimed at community professionals with significant knowledge and experience, and provides a tailored program to each candidate.

====Reform and Reconstructionist seminaries====
[[File:RRC.JPG|thumb|Reconstructionist Rabbinical College]]
[[Hebrew Union College]] (HUC), affiliated with [[Reform Judaism]], was founded in 1875 under the leadership of [[Isaac Mayer Wise]] in Cincinnati, Ohio. HUC later opened additional locations in New York, Los Angeles, and Jerusalem. It is a rabbinical seminary or college mostly geared for the training of rabbis and clergy specifically. Similarly, the [[Reconstructionist Rabbinical College]] of [[Reconstructionist Judaism]], founded in Pennsylvania in 1968, functions to train its future clergy. Some Reform and Reconstructionist teachers also teach at the non-denominational seminaries mentioned above. In Europe, Reform Judaism trains rabbis at [[Leo Baeck College]] in London, UK and [[Abraham-Geiger-Kolleg|Abraham Geiger Kolleg]] in Potsdam, Germany. None of these institutions describes itself as a "yeshiva".

====Contemporary Orthodox====
[[File:Kollelbirkatizhak.jpg|thumb|right|Kollel Birkat Yitzhak, [[Moscow]]]]
{{main|List of yeshivas}}
{{see also|List of rabbinical schools #Orthodox}}
[[World War II]] and the [[Holocaust]] brought the yeshivot of Eastern and Central Europe to an end; although many scholars and rabbinic students who [[Holocaust survivors|survived the war]] established yeshivot in Israel as well a number of Western countries.<ref name="JVL" /> The [[Yeshiva of Nitra]] was the last surviving in occupied Europe. Many students and faculty of the Mir Yeshiva were able to escape to Siberia, with the Yeshiva ultimately [[Mir Yeshiva (Belarus)#Shanghai|continuing to operate in Shanghai]]; see [[Yeshivas in World War II]].

From the mid-20th century<ref name="JVL">[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/yeshiva "Yeshiva"], jewishvirtuallibrary.org</ref>
the greatest number of yeshivot, and the most important were centered in Israel and in the U.S.;
they were also found in many other Western countries, prominent examples being [[Gateshead Talmudical College|Gateshead Yeshiva]] in England (one of the [[Novardok Yeshiva#Post World War II|descendants of Novardok]]) and the [[Yeshiva of Aix-les-Bains]], France.
The [[Chabad]] movement was particularly active in this direction,<ref name="JVL" /> establishing yeshivot also in France, North Africa, Australia, and South Africa; this "network of institutions" is known as ''[[Tomchei Temimim]]''.
Many prominent contemporary yeshivot in the U.S. and Israel are continuations of European institutions, and often bear the same name.

=====Israel=====
[[File:Mercaz HaRav01.JPG|thumb|right|[[Mercaz Harav]], Jerusalem]]
{{Further|Religion in Israel#Orthodox spectrum}}
{{see also|Category:Orthodox yeshivas in Israel|Category:Religious Zionist yeshivot}}
Yeshivot in Israel have operated since Talmudic times,<ref>See e.g. [https://www.sefaria.org.il/Berakhot.18b.14?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en Brachot 18b]</ref> 
[[#Geonic_Period|as above]];
see [[Talmudic academies in Eretz Yisrael]].
More recent examples include the [[Great Academy of Paris]] (c. 1280); the [[Ari Ashkenazi Synagogue]] (since the mid-1500s); the [[Beit El Synagogue|Bet El yeshiva]] (operating since 1737); and [[Etz Chaim Yeshiva]] (since 1841). 
Various yeshivot were established in Israel in the early 20th century: [[Shaar Hashamayim Yeshiva|Shaar Hashamayim]] in 1906, Chabad's [[:he: ישיבת תורת אמת (חב"ד)|Toras Emes]] in 1911, [[Hebron Yeshiva]] in 1924, [[Sfas Emes Yeshiva|Sfas Emes]] in 1925, [[Lomza Yeshiva|Lomza]] in 1926. 
After (and during) World War II, numerous other Haredi and Hasidic Yeshivot were re-established there by survivors. The Mir Yeshiva in Jerusalem – today the largest Yeshiva in the world – was established in 1944, by Rabbi [[Eliezer Yehuda Finkel (Poland and Jerusalem)|Eliezer Yehuda Finkel]] who had traveled to Palestine to obtain visas for his students; Ponevezh similarly by Rabbi [[Yosef Shlomo Kahaneman]]; and [[Knesses Chizkiyahu]] in 1949.
The leading Sephardi Yeshiva, Porat Yosef, was founded in 1914; its predecessor, Yeshivat Ohel Moed was founded in 1904. From the 1940s and onward, especially following immigration of the Arabic Jewish communities,  Sephardi leaders, such as [[Ovadia Yosef]] and [[Ben-Zion Meir Hai Uziel]], established various yeshivot to facilitate Torah education for Sephardi and [[Mizrahi Jews]] (and alternative to Lithuanian yeshivot).

The [[Haredi Judaism|Haredi]] community has grown with time – In 2018, 12% of Israel's population was Haredi,<ref name="IDI"/> including [[Sephardic Haredim]] –  supporting [[:he:קטגוריה:ישיבות חרדיות בישראל|numerous yeshivot correspondingly]]. Boys and girls here attend separate schools, and proceed to higher Torah study, in a yeshiva or seminary, respectively, starting anywhere between the ages of 13 and 18; see ''[[Chinuch Atzmai]]'' and ''[[Bais Yaakov]]''. A significant proportion of young men then remain in yeshiva until their marriage; thereafter many continue their Torah studies in a kollel. (In 2018, there were 133,000 in full-time learning .<ref name ="IDI">Gilad Malach, Lee Cahaner (2019). [https://en.idi.org.il/articles/29348 2019 Statistical Report on Ultra-Orthodox Society in Israel]. Israel Democracy Institute</ref>) Kollel studies usually focus on deep analysis of Talmud, and those Tractates not usually covered in the standard "undergraduate" program; see {{slink||Talmud study}} below. Some Kollels similarly focus on halacha in total, others specifically on those topics required for ''[[Semikha]]'' (Rabbinic ordination) or [[Dayan (rabbinic judge)|''Dayanut'']] (qualification as a Rabbinic Judge). The certification in question is often conferred by the Rosh Yeshiva.

[[Mercaz Harav]], the foundational and leading [[Religious Zionism|Religious-Zionist]] yeshiva was established in 1924 by Ashkenazi [[Chief Rabbinate of Israel|Chief Rabbi]] [[Abraham Isaac Kook]]. Many in the [[Religious Zionist]] community today attend a [[Hesder]] yeshiva (discussed [[#Types of yeshivot|below]]) during [[Religious Zionism#Military service|their national service]]; these offer a kollel for Rabbinical students. (Students generally prepare for the ''Semikha'' test of the [[Chief Rabbinate of Israel]]; until his recent passing (2020) commonly for that of the [[posek]] R. [[Zalman Nechemia Goldberg]].)
Training as a ''Dayan'' in this community is usually through [[:he:מכון אריאל|''Machon Ariel'']] (''[[Machon Harry Fischel]]''), also founded by Rav Kook, or [[:he:ארץ חמדה (כולל)|''Kollel Eretz Hemda'']]. Women in this community, as above, study in a [[Midrasha]]. High school students study at [[Education in Israel#Educational tiers and tracks|''Mamlachti dati'']] schools, often associated with ''[[Bnei Akiva]]''. [[Bar Ilan University]] allows students to combine Yeshiva studies with university study; [[Jerusalem College of Technology]] similarly, which also offers a Haredi track; there are [[List of Israeli universities and colleges#Colleges|several colleges of education]] associated with [[Hesder]] and the ''Midrashot'' (these often offer specializations in ''Tanakh'' and ''Machshavah'' – discussed [[#Curriculum|below]]). 
See {{slink|Religious Zionism|Educational institutions}}.

=====United States=====
[[File:The old Beis Madrash Building of BMG.jpg|thumb|right|[[Beth Medrash Govoha]], Lakewood, New Jersey –  largest yeshiva outside Israel.<ref name=LargestYeshivaOutsideIsrael>{{cite web|url=https://www.nj.com/news/2019/04/lakewood-yeshiva-looks-to-use-old-golf-course-for-new-campus.html|title=Lakewood yeshiva looks to use old golf course for new campus|author=Steve Strunsky|publisher=New Jersey On-Line LLC|date=April 16, 2019|access-date=April 16, 2019|quote=Beth Medrash Gohova is said to be the world’s largest Jewish-affiliated university outside of Israel.}}</ref><ref name=LargestYeshivaNorthAmerica>{{cite web|url=https://www.nj.com/ocean/2017/08/11_ways_lakewood_is_like_nowhere_else_in_nj.html|title=10 ways Lakewood is unlike anywhere else in N.J.|author=Stephen Stirling|date=3 August 2017|publisher=NJ Advance Media|access-date=April 16, 2019|quote=The sea change can be pinned to one event: The founding of the Beth Medrash Govoha yeshiva in the mid-20th century. The Orthodox Jewish community has set down roots en masse around the religious school, which is now the largest yeshiva in North America.}}</ref>]]
[[File:Mirrer Yeshiva, Ocean PKWY.jpg|thumb|[[Mir Yeshiva (Brooklyn)|Mir Yeshiva]] in Brooklyn]]
{{Further|Category:Orthodox yeshivas in the United States}}
The first Orthodox yeshiva in the U.S. was [[Etz Chaim Yeshiva (Manhattan)|Etz Chaim]] of [[New York City|New York]] (1886), modeled after Volozhin. It developed into the [[Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary]] (1896; "RIETS") and eventually [[Yeshiva University]] in 1945. It was established in the wake of [[History of the Jews in the United States#Immigration of Ashkenazi Jews|the immigration of Central and Eastern European Jews]] (1880s – 1924). [[Mesivtha Tifereth Jerusalem]], founded in 1907, was led by Rabbi [[Moshe Feinstein]] from the 1940s through 1986; [[Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin]], est 1904, was headed by Rabbi [[Yitzchok Hutner]] from 1943 to 1980. [[:Category:Hasidic Judaism in the United States|Many Hasidic dynasties]] have their main Yeshivot in America, typically established in the 1940s; [[770 Eastern Parkway#Central Lubavitcher Yeshiva|the Central Lubavitcher Yeshiva]] has over 1000 students.

The postwar establishment of Ashkenazi yeshivot and ''kollelim'' parallels that in Israel; as does the educational pattern in [[Haredi Judaism#United States|the American Haredi community]], although more obtain a secular education [[#College credit|at the college level]]. [[Beth Medrash Govoha]] in [[Lakewood Township, New Jersey|Lakewood]], [[New Jersey]]  with 3,000 students in the early 2000s was founded in 1943 by R. [[Aaron Kotler]] on the "rigid Lithuanian model" that demanded full-time study;<ref name="JVL" /> it now offers a [[Bachelor of Talmudic Law]] degree which allows students to go on to [[graduate school]].<ref>[https://www.chea.org/beth-medrash-govoha beth-medrash-govoha] on chea.org</ref><ref name="JVL" /> The best known of the numerous Haredi yeshivas are, additional to "Lakewood", Telz, [[Yeshivas Rabbeinu Yisrael Meir HaKohen|"Rabbinical Seminary of America"]], [[Yeshivas Ner Yisroel|Ner Yisroel]], Chaim Berlin, and [[Hebrew Theological College]]; ''[[Yeshivish]]'' (i.e. satellite) communities often maintain a [[Kollel#Community kollelim|community kollel]].
Many Hasidic sects have their own yeshivas, such as [[Satmar (Hasidic dynasty)#Institutions|Satmar]] and [[Bobov (Hasidic dynasty)#Institutions|Bobov]], while Chabad operates its ''Tomchei Temimim'' nationwide.
The first Sephardic yeshiva in the Americas was Yeshivat Mikdash Melech, established in 1972 <ref>[https://www.mikdashmelechjerusalem.com/about.html about], mikdashmelechjerusalem.com</ref> by Rabbi Haim Benoliel. (In 1988, the yeshiva opened a branch in Israel, Mikdash Melech Jerusalem,<ref>[https://www.mikdashmelechjerusalem.com/ home page], mikdashmelechjerusalem.com</ref> to serve English-speaking Sephardic students.) There are over today 600 junior and high schools, typically a [[Mesivta]] or [[Bais Yaakov]];
see [[Torah Umesorah]].

[[Modern Orthodox]] typically spend a year, often two, post-high school in a yeshiva (sometimes [[Hesder]]) or ''Midrasha'' in Israel. Many thereafter, or instead, attend [[Yeshiva University]], undertaking a dual curriculum, combining academic education with Torah study;<ref name=missionstatement>{{cite web |url=http://www.yu.edu/MissionStatement/index.aspx |title=Mission Statement |publisher=Yeshiva University |access-date=August 27, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527113714/http://www.yu.edu/MissionStatement/index.aspx |archive-date=May 27, 2010 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> see ''[[Torah Umadda]]'', and [[Yeshiva University#Campuses|S. Daniel Abraham Israel Program]]. (A percentage stay in Israel, "making ''[[Aliyah]]''"; many also go on to higher education in other American colleges.) Semikha is usually through RIETS, although many [[Modern Orthodox]] [[Rabbis]] study through ''[[Hesder]]'', or other Yeshivot in Israel such as [[Yeshivat HaMivtar]], [[Mizrachi (religious Zionism)|Mizrachi's]] ''Musmachim'' program,<ref>[https://mizrachi.org/musmachim/ Musmachim] mizrachi.org</ref> and Machon Ariel.<ref>[https://fischelfoundation.org/ariel.htm Ariel Institute]</ref>
RIETS also houses several post-semikha kollelim, including one focused on ''Dayanut''.<ref>[https://www.yu.edu/riets/kollellim "kollellim"], yu.edu/riets</ref> Dayanim also train through Kollel Eretz Hemda<ref>[http://www.eretzhemdah.org/content.asp?PageId=3459&lang=en Yadin-Yadin for the Diaspora], eretzhemdah.org</ref> and Machon Ariel; while Mizrachi's post-semikha ''Manhigut Toranit'' program<ref>[https://www.manhigut-toranit.org manhigut-toranit.org]</ref> focuses on leadership and scholarship, with the advanced semikha of [[Chief Rabbinate of Israel#Semikhah|"Rav Ir"]]. Communities will often host a [[:he:תורה מציון (ארגון)|''Torah MiTzion'']] kollel, where ''[[Hesder]]'' graduates learn and teach, generally for one year. 
There are numerous [[:Category:Modern Orthodox Jewish day schools in the United States|Modern Orthodox Jewish day schools]], typically offering a ''beit midrash'' / ''metivta'' program in parallel with the [[Secondary education in the United States#Curriculum|standard curriculum]], (often) structured such that students are able to join the first ''shiur'' in an Israeli yeshiva.

The US educational pattern is to be found around the Jewish world, with regional differences; see [[:Category:Orthodox yeshivas in Europe]] and [[:Category:Orthodox yeshivas by country]].