Editing Wisdom (section)

====Medieval and Renaissance thought====
In the [[Middle Ages|Medieval period]], wisdom was often linked to [[divine revelation]] and theology. [[Augustine of Hippo]] (354–430 CE) viewed wisdom as knowledge aligned with God's eternal truth, distinguishing it from mere worldly intelligence.<ref>{{cite book |last=Augustine |first=Saint |title=The City of God |orig-year=426 |year=2003 |publisher=Penguin Classics |location=London}}</ref> He argued that true wisdom (''sapientia'') comes from knowing and loving God, contrasting it with human knowledge (''scientia''), which concerns temporal matters.<ref>{{cite book |last=O'Daly |first=Gerard |title=Augustine's City of God: A Reader's Guide |year=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>

[[Thomas Aquinas]] (1225–1274) built upon [[Aristotle]]'s distinction between theoretical and practical wisdom, incorporating it into [[Christian theology]]. He argued that wisdom (''sapientia'') is the highest intellectual virtue, guiding [[reason]] toward ultimate truth and divine understanding.<ref>{{cite book |last=Aquinas |first=Thomas |title=Summa Theologica |orig-year=1265–1274 |year=1981 |publisher=Christian Classics}}</ref> Aquinas distinguished between natural wisdom, which humans acquire through reason, and supernatural wisdom, which comes through divine revelation.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kretzmann |first=Norman |title=The Cambridge Companion to Aquinas |year=1993 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref>

During the [[Renaissance]], humanist thinkers such as [[Erasmus]] (1466–1536) and [[Michel de Montaigne|Montaigne]] (1533–1592) emphasized the role of self-reflection and skepticism in wisdom, challenging dogmatic reliance on authority.<ref>{{cite book |last=Erasmus |first=Desiderius |title=The Praise of Folly |orig-year=1511 |year=1993 |publisher=Penguin Classics}}</ref> Montaigne, in his ''[[Essays (Montaigne)|Essays]]'', proposed that true wisdom lies in acknowledging uncertainty and maintaining intellectual humility.<ref>{{cite book |last=Montaigne |first=Michel de |title=The Complete Essays |orig-year=1580 |year=1993 |publisher=Penguin Classics |isbn=978-0140446043}}</ref> The Renaissance emphasis on human reason and critical inquiry laid the groundwork for early modern philosophical discussions of wisdom.