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Winnie Madikizela-Mandela
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==Transition to democracy: 1990β2003== [[File:Nelson Mandela Alberto Chissano Winnie Mandela Cidalia Chissano in Museu Galeria Chissano, Matola, Mozambique.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Winnie Mandela with Nelson Mandela, [[Alberto Chissano]] and his daughter Cidalia in Museu Galeria Chissano, Mozambique, 1990]] During South Africa's transition to multi-racial democracy, she adopted a far less conciliatory attitude to [[White South Africans]] and was considered to be as controversial as her husband was before his arrest.<ref name="reutersTarnished">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-winniemandela/winnie-mandela-tarnished-mother-of-post-apartheid-south-africa-idUSKCN1H91A6|title=Winnie Mandela, tarnished 'Mother' of post-apartheid South Africa|first=Ed|last=Cropley|work=Reuters}}</ref> She was seen on her husband's arm when he was released in February 1990, the first time the couple had been seen in public for nearly 30 years.<ref name="nprDayNelsonWalked">{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2013/06/11/190671704/the-day-nelson-mandela-walked-out-of-prison|title=The Day Nelson Mandela Walked Out Of Prison|first=Greg|last= Myre|publisher=NPR|date=27 June 2013}}</ref> Their 38-year marriage ended in April 1992 after rumours of unfaithfulness.<ref name="independentUnfaithfulness">{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/letter-to-lover-spells-trouble-for-winnie-1549863.html|title=Letter to lover spells trouble for Winnie|website=Independent.co.uk|date=3 April 2018|access-date=10 August 2018}}</ref> Their divorce was finalised in March 1996. She then adopted the surname "Madikizela-Mandela". Also in 1992, she lost her position as the head of the ANC social welfare department, amid allegations of corruption.<ref name="csmonitor1992AncDivided">{{cite news|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1992/0413/13032.html|title=ANC Ranks Deeply Divided On Winnie Mandela Affair|date=13 April 1992|newspaper=[[Christian Science Monitor]]}}</ref><ref name="wapoResurrected1994"/><ref name="fiveTimesLetDownMg"/><ref name="pastDarkCloudDispatch">{{cite web|url=http://www.dispatchlive.co.za/opinion/2014/11/06/winnies-past-a-dark-cloud/|title=Winnie's past a dark cloud|first=Kanyo|last= Gqulu |date=6 November 2014|website=Dispatchlive.co.za|access-date=10 August 2018}}</ref> Madikizela-Mandela campaigned for the ANC in [[1994 South African general election|South Africa's first non-racial elections]].<ref name="wapoResurrected1994">{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/04/30/the-resurrected-winnie-mandela/69010af8-2657-4846-a60b-1a595f5089d1/|title=The Resurrected Winnie Mandela|first=Mary Ann|last=French|date=30 April 1994|website=Washingtonpost.com}}</ref> Appointed Deputy Minister of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology in May 1994, she was dismissed 11 months later following allegations of corruption.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.scotsman.com/winniemandela/Winnie-Mandelas-fall-from-grace.2422138.jp|title=Winnie Mandela's fall from grace|date=26 April 2003|author=Bridgland, Fred |work=The Scotsman|location=Edinburgh|access-date=24 March 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/28/world/winnie-mandela-out-of-cabinet-for-defying-presidential-orders.html|title=Winnie Mandela Out of Cabinet For Defying Presidential Orders|first=Bill|last=Keller|newspaper=The New York Times|date=28 March 1995}}</ref> In 1995, prominent members of the ANC Women's League, including [[Adelaide Tambo]] resigned from the National Executive Committee of that body because of disagreement with Madikizela-Mandela's leadership of the body and amid a controversy about a large donation from Pakistani politician [[Benazir Bhutto]] that was not handed over to the League by Madikizela-Mandela.<ref name="mandelaSecondTermIndependent">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/mandela-says-he-will-not-stand-a-second-term-1573289.html|title=Mandela says he will not stand a second term|date=16 February 1995|newspaper=The Independent|first=Peter|last= Gregson|access-date=14 April 2018|archive-date=14 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414234405/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/mandela-says-he-will-not-stand-a-second-term-1573289.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="mgAncBetrayedWinnie">{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-06-00-how-the-anc-betrayed-winnie|title=How the ANC betrayed Winnie|first=Dineo|last=Bendile|newspaper=Mail and Guardian|date=6 April 2018}}</ref><ref name="mgThaboWinnieRescue"/><ref name="mgConsidersSuingMufamadi95">{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/1995-03-24-winnie-considers-suing-mufamadi|title=Winnie considers suing Mufamadi|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}</ref> She remained extremely popular amongst many [[African National Congress]] (ANC) supporters. In December 1993 and April 1997, she was elected president of the ANC Women's League, although she withdrew her candidacy for ANC Deputy President at the movement's [[Mahikeng|Mafikeng]] conference in December 1997.<ref name="sapaSaveFace">{{cite web|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/media%5C1997%5C9712/s971217c.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208090932/https://www.justice.gov.za/trc/media%5C1997%5C9712/s971217c.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 December 2024|date=17 December 1997|title=Winnie saves face at conference|publisher=South African Press Association (SAPA)}}</ref> Earlier in 1997, she appeared before the [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)|Truth and Reconciliation Commission]]. Archbishop [[Desmond Tutu]] as chairman of the commission recognised her importance in the anti-apartheid struggle but exhorted her to apologise and to admit her mistakes. In a guarded response, she admitted "things went horribly wrong".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/africa/july-dec97/mandela_12-4a.html|title=Facing the Past|publisher=PBS NewsHour|date=4 December 1997|access-date=18 September 2017|archive-date=19 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219143523/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/africa/july-dec97/mandela_12-4a.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> During the 1990s, she associated with the [[Israeli mafia]] operating in South Africa, which was involved in extorting the [[History of the Jews in South Africa|local Jewish community]], and other criminal activity.<ref name="haaretz-2001-gangsters">{{cite news |last=Leibovich-Dar |first=Sara |url=https://www.haaretz.com/1.5351221 |title=Winnie Mandela and the Ramat Amidar Gang |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=12 July 2001 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715074125/https://www.haaretz.com/1.5351221 |archive-date=15 July 2018 }}</ref> In 2002, Madikizela-Mandela was found guilty by a Parliamentary ethics committee of failing to disclose donations and financial interests.<ref name="mg2002GuiltyEthics">{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2002-08-21-winnie-found-guilty-by-ethics-committee|title=Winnie found guilty by ethics committee|first=Angela|last=Quintal|newspaper=Mail and Guardian}}</ref><ref name="iolHideAndSeek"/> Madikizela Mandela was often absent from Parliament, sometimes for months at a time and was ordered by Parliament to account for her absences in 2003.<ref name="fiveTimesLetDownMg"/><ref name="iolHideAndSeek">{{cite web|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/parliament-fed-up-with-winnies-hide-and-seek-102737|title=Parliament fed up with Winnie's hide and seek|publisher=IOL News}}</ref><ref name="timesOfIndiaAbsence">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Truant-Winnie-asked-to-explain-absence-from-parliament/articleshow/40179105.cms|title=Truant Winnie asked to explain absence from parliament|newspaper=Times of India|date=13 March 2003}}</ref><ref name="paAttendenceRecord">{{cite web|url=https://www.pa.org.za/person/nomzamo-winfred-madikizela-mandela/|title=Nomzamo Winfred Madikizela-Mandela|website=People's Assembly}}</ref>
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