Editing Wentworth Woodhouse (section)

==Park==
Having finished the course of alterations in the hands of John Carr, Lord Fitzwilliam turned in 1790 to the most prominent landscape gardener,<ref>The grander term "[[landscape architect]]" was a coinage of the late 19th&nbsp;century.</ref> [[Humphry Repton]], for whom this was the season's most ambitious project, one that he would describe in detail while the memory was still fresh, in ''Some Observations of the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening'' (1803). A terrace centred on the [[corps de logis|main block]] effected a transition between the house and the rolling grazing land. Four obelisks stood on the [[bowling green]], dwarfed by the scale of the house;<ref>[[Horace Walpole]] had thought they looked like [[tenpin]]s.</ref> Repton re-sited them. Though the parkland had accumulated numerous eye-catchers and features (''see below''), Repton found there were few trees, the house being surrounded by "coarse grass and boulders"<ref>Repton 1803, quoted by Edward Hyams, ''Capability Brown and Humphrey Repron'', 1971:148f.</ref> which Repton also removed, before the large-scale earth-moving operations began, effected by men with shovels and donkey-carts, to reshape the lumpy ground into smooth swells. Two large pools, visible from the East Front and the approach drive, were excavated into a serpentine shape. Some of Flitcroft's outbuildings were demolished, though not Carr's handsome stable court (1768), entered through a pedimented [[Tuscan order|Tuscan arch]]. Many trees were planted.

===Follies and garden buildings===
The grounds (and surrounding area) contain a number of [[folly|follies]] and other garden structures, many with associations in the arena of 18th-century Whig politics. They include:
* [[Hoober Stand]]. A tapering pyramid with a hexagonal lantern, named for the ancient wood in which it was erected. It is {{convert|30|m|ft|order=flip}} high and was built to Flitcroft's design in 1747–48 to commemorate the defeat of the [[Jacobite rebellion of 1745]], in which Lord Malton and his surviving son took part; his defensive efforts for the Hanoverian Whig establishment were rewarded with the Lord Lieutenancy of Yorkshire and the title Marquess of Rockingham: thus the monument indirectly reflects the greater glory of the family. The tower, which surveys the surrounding landscape like a watchtower, is open to the public on Sunday afternoons throughout the summer.
* [[Keppel's Column]]. A 115&nbsp;ft (35 m) [[Tuscan column]] built to commemorate the acquittal of the court-martialed [[Augustus Keppel, 1st Viscount Keppel|Admiral Keppel]], a close friend of Rockingham. Its [[entasis]] visibly bulges owing to an adjustment in its height, made when funding problems reduced the height. It was designed by [[John Carr (architect)|John Carr]].
* [[The Rockingham Mausoleum]]. A three-storey building 90&nbsp;ft (27 m) high,  situated in woodland, where only the top level is visible over the treetops. It was commissioned in 1783 by the Earl Fitzwilliam as a memorial to the late first Marquess of Rockingham; it was designed by John Carr, whose first design, for an obelisk, was rejected, in favour of an adaptation of the Roman Cenotaph of the Julii at [[Saint-Rémy-de-Provence]], near Arles.<ref>Noted by Charlesworth 1986:135.</ref> The ground floor is an enclosed hall containing a statue of the former prime minister by [[Joseph Nollekens]], plus busts of his eight closest friends. The first floor is an open colonnade with Corinthian columns surrounding the (empty) [[sarcophagus]]. The top storey is a Roman-style [[cupola]]. Like Hoober Stand, the Mausoleum is open on summer Sunday afternoons.
* [[Needle's Eye]]. A {{convert|14|m|ft|adj=on|order=flip}} high, sandstone block [[pyramid]] with an ornamental urn on the top and a tall [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] [[ogee]] [[arch]] through the middle, which straddles a disused roadway. It was built in the 18th&nbsp;century allegedly to win a bet after [[Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham|the second Marquess]] claimed he could drive a coach and horses through the eye of a needle.
* [[Bear pit|Bear Pit.]] Accessible if patronising the nearby Garden centre. Built on two levels with a spiral stair. The outer doorway (about 1630) is part of the architecture of the original house. At the end of the garden is a grotto guarded by two life-sized statues of Roman soldiers.
* Camellia House. The Camellia House, dating mainly from the early 19th century though with late 18th century elements, was built to contain the family's collection of ''[[Camellia]]'' bushes brought from India. A grade II* listed building,<ref>{{NHLE|num=1286162|desc=Camellia House|grade=II*|access-date=4 January 2022}}</ref> it represents a rare survival of such a plant collection, with the oldest dating back to 1792.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/jan/04/quite-incredible-some-of-worlds-rarest-camellias-discovered-in-yorkshire|first=Mark|last=Brown|title='Quite incredible': some of the world's rarest camellias discovered in Yorkshire|work=The Guardian|date=4 January 2022}}</ref> The Camellia House was restored from dereliction in the early 2020s as part of the restoration of the house, and reopened as a teahouse in 2024.<ref>{{cite news |first=Mark |last=Brown |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2024/mar/23/camellia-house-wentworth-woodhouse-teahouse-restored |title=Rare camellias at English stately home bloom again after £5m revamp |work=The Guardian |date=23 March 2024 }}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Wentworth Woodhouse Doric Lodge.jpg|"Doric Lodge" in the grounds
File:Needle's Eye, Wentworth, West Riding of Yorkshire.jpg|The Needle's Eye
File:The Rockingham Mausoleum - geograph.org.uk - 1318188.jpg|The Rockingham Mausoleum
File:The Bear Pit in Wentworth Woodhouse Gardens - geograph.org.uk - 881745.jpg|Doorway to the Bear Pit
File:Strange statue - geograph.org.uk - 2897538.jpg|alt=|Statue
</gallery>

===Historic listing designations===
Many of the structures built by the Rockingham family on and around the Wentworth Woodhouse estate are [[Listed building|listed]] by [[Historic England]]. Buildings are listed at one of three grades, I, II* and II, for their architectural and/or historical importance. The house,<ref>{{NHLE|num=1132769|desc=Wentworth Woodhouse|grade=I|access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref> the stable block<ref>{{NHLE|num=1203779|desc=Stable Block and Riding School|grade=I|access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref> and the Rockingham Mausoleum are listed Grade I.<ref>{{NHLE|num=1286386|desc=Rockingham Mausoleum including obelisks and railed enclosure|grade=I|access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref> Seven structures are listed at Grade II*; the Camellia House,<ref>{{NHLE|num=1286162|desc=Camellia House|grade=II*|access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref> the Needle's Eye,<ref>{{NHLE|num=1314588|desc=Needle's Eye|grade=II*|access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref> the gateway into the South Court of the house,<ref>{{NHLE|num=1193422|desc=Gateway of South Court, Wentworth Woodhouse|grade=II*|access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref> Keppel's Column,<ref>{{NHLE|num=1314632|desc=Keppel's Column|grade=II*|access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref> the [[Hoober Stand]]<ref>{{NHLE|num=1132812|desc=Hoober Stand|grade=II*|access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref> and the Ionic<ref>{{NHLE|num=1132730|desc=Ionic Temple|grade=II*|access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref> and Doric Temples.<ref>{{NHLE|num=1193160|desc=Doric Temple|grade=II*|access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref> The park itself is also listed at Grade II* on the [[Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England]].<ref>{{NHLE|num=1001163|desc=Park and Gardens at Wentworth Woodhouse|grade=II*|access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref> Structures listed at Grade II include: the run of [[Light fixture|lampstands]] on the east front of the house;<ref>{{NHLE|num=1193326|desc=Set of six Lamp Standards to east front of Wentworth Woodhouse|grade=II|access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref> the Octagon,<ref>{{NHLE|num=1192947|desc=Octagon Lodge|grade=II|access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref> North,<ref>{{NHLE|num=1132758|desc=North Lodge|grade=II|access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref> Mausoleum,<ref>{{NHLE|num=1132759|desc=Mausoleum Lodge|grade=II|access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref> Peacock<ref>{{NHLE|num=1286252|desc=Peacock Lodge|grade=II|access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref> and Doric lodges,<ref>{{NHLE|num=1193037|desc=Doric Lodge|grade=II|access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref> together with the gates at the Doric Lodge;<ref>{{NHLE|num=1132761|desc=Gates at Doric Lodge|grade=II|access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref> a number of farm buildings including a [[dovecote]] and a [[Duck pond#Duck house|duck house]];<ref>{{NHLE|num=1281512|desc=T-shaped range of buildings adjoining stable block|grade=II|access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{NHLE|num=1314604|desc=Duck House at Home Farm|grade=II|access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{NHLE|num=1132756|desc=Farm building at Home Farm|grade=II|access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{NHLE|num=1132757|desc=Farm building with Dovecote at Home Farm|grade=II|access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{NHLE|num=1286402|desc=Barn at Home Farm|grade=II|access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{NHLE|num=1314605|desc=Powerhouse adjacent to Home Farm|grade=II|access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref> water features including two bridges,<ref>{{NHLE|num=1193254|desc=Morley Bridge|grade=II|access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{NHLE|num=1132725|desc=Bridge and weir at west end of Morley Pond|grade=II|access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref> a [[causeway]],<ref>{{NHLE|num=1314608|desc=Causeway between Dog Kennel Pond and Morley Pond|grade=II|access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref> a cascade<ref>{{NHLE|num=1192814|desc=The Cascade|grade=II|access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref> and two fountains in pools;<ref>{{NHLE|num=1132731|desc=Fountain and pool south of Camellia House|grade=II|access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{NHLE|num=1240983|desc=Fountain and lining to pool in centre of stable block Quadrangle|grade=II|access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref> three ranges of walls;<ref>{{NHLE|num=1240948|desc=Circular Wall to garden north west of north pavilion of Wentworth Woodhouse (East Front)|grade=II|access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{NHLE|num=1132760|desc=Perimeter Wall to Wentworth Garden Centre|grade=II|access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{NHLE|num=1286155|desc=South Terrace Retaining Wall including parapet and gateway|grade=II|access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref> the [[Bear pit|Bear Pit]]<ref>{{NHLE|num=1314630|desc=Bear Pit west of Camellia House|grade=II|access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref> and two adjacent statues of [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] soldiers;<ref>{{NHLE|num=1260764|desc=Statue of Roman Soldier north of Bear Pit|grade=II|access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{NHLE|num=1203776|desc=Statue of Roman Soldier north of Bear Pit|grade=II|access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref> a garden house,<ref>{{NHLE|num=1314607|desc=Garden House north of Doric Temple|grade=II|access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref> a [[milestone]],<ref>{{NHLE|num=1132810|desc=Milestone north west of Mausoleum Lodge|grade=II|access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref> a pair of [[Gatepost|gate piers]]<ref>{{NHLE|num=1203778|desc=Pair of Gate Piers north east of north pavilion of Wentworth Woodhouse (East Front)|grade=II|access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref> a [[Ha-ha]]<ref>{{NHLE|num=1240957|desc=Ha Ha forming northern boundary of the gardens on the west front of Wentworth Woodhouse|grade=II|access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref> and an array of garden [[statuary]] including four sets of [[urn]]s;<ref>{{NHLE|num=1132770|desc=Group of 6 Garden Urns Flanking Main Steps to Wentworth Woodhouse (West Front)|grade=II|access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{NHLE|num=1132771|desc=Pair of Cast Iron Urns at south end of Wentworth Woodhouse (West Front)|grade=II|access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{NHLE|num=1286192|desc=Pair of Cast Iron Urns at north end of Wentworth Woodhouse (West Front)|grade=II|access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{NHLE|num=1314609|desc=Group of 6 Garden Urns in front of Wentworth Woodhouse (West Front)|grade=II|access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref> a pair of vases<ref>{{NHLE|num=1203777|desc=Pair of Ornamental Vases flanking main avenue to the west front of Wentworth Woodhouse|grade=II|access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref> and the bases of two [[sundial]]s, the sundials themselves having been removed.<ref>{{NHLE|num=1132772|desc=Sundial Base at eastern end of South Terrace|grade=II|access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{NHLE|num=1193441|desc=Sundial Base at mid point of South Terrace|grade=II|access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref>