Editing Wearable computer (section)

===1990s===
In the 1990s [[Personal digital assistant|PDAs]] became widely used, and in 1999 were combined with [[mobile phone]]s in Japan to produce the first mass-market [[smartphone]].

[[File:Datalink USB Dress Edition.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Timex Datalink]] USB Dress edition with ''Invasion'' video game. The watch crown (''icontrol'') can be used to move the defender left to right and the fire control is the Start/Split button on the lower side of the face of the watch at 6 o' clock.]]
In 1993, the Private Eye was used in [[Thad Starner]]'s wearable, based on [[Doug Platt]]'s system and built from a kit from Park Enterprises, a Private Eye display on loan from [[Devon Sean McCullough]], and the Twiddler chording keyboard made by Handykey. Many iterations later this system became the [[MIT]] "Tin Lizzy" wearable computer design, and Starner went on to become one of the founders of MIT's wearable computing project. 1993 also saw [[Columbia University]]'s augmented-reality system known as KARMA (Knowledge-based Augmented Reality for Maintenance Assistance). Users would wear a Private Eye display over one eye, giving an overlay effect when the real world was viewed with both eyes open. KARMA would overlay wireframe schematics and maintenance instructions on top of whatever was being repaired. For example, graphical wireframes on top of a laser printer would explain how to change the paper tray. The system used sensors attached to objects in the physical world to determine their locations, and the entire system ran tethered from a desktop computer.<ref name="Feiner">{{cite journal|doi=10.1145/159544.159587|title=Knowledge-based augmented reality|journal=Communications of the ACM|volume=36|issue=7|pages=53–62|year=1993|last1=Feiner|first1=Steven|author1-link=Steven K. Feiner|last2=MacIntyre|first2=Blair|last3=Seligmann|first3=Dorée|s2cid=9930875|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="feiner2">{{cite web|url=http://www1.cs.columbia.edu/graphics/projects/karma/karma.html|title=KARMA|work=columbia.edu|access-date=9 April 2005|archive-date=18 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071118004919/http://www1.cs.columbia.edu/graphics/projects/karma/karma.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1994, [[Edgar Matias]] and Mike Ruicci of the [[University of Toronto]], debuted a "wrist computer." Their system presented an alternative approach to the emerging head-up display plus chord keyboard wearable. The system was built from a modified HP 95LX palmtop computer and a Half-QWERTY one-handed keyboard. With the keyboard and display modules strapped to the operator's forearms, text could be entered by bringing the wrists together and typing.<ref name="Matias 94">{{cite book|doi=10.1145/259963.260024|chapter=Half-QWERTY: Typing with one hand using your two-handed skills|title=Conference Companion on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI '94|pages=51–52|year=1994|last1=Matias|first1=Edgar|last2=MacKenzie|first2=I. Scott|last3=Buxton|first3=William|isbn=0897916514|s2cid=356533}}</ref> The same technology was used by IBM researchers to create the half-keyboard "belt computer.<ref name="Mattias 96">{{cite book|doi=10.1145/257089.257146|chapter=A wearable computer for use in microgravity space and other non-desktop environments|title=Conference Companion on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI '96|pages=69–70|year=1996|last1=Matias|first1=Edgar|last2=MacKenzie|first2=I. Scott|last3=Buxton|first3=William|isbn=0897918320|s2cid=36192147}}</ref> Also in 1994, Mik Lamming and Mike Flynn at [[PARC (company)|Xerox EuroPARC]] demonstrated the Forget-Me-Not, a wearable device that would record interactions with people and devices and store this information in a database for later query.<ref>Mik Lamming and Mike Flynn, [http://www.lamming.com/mik/Papers/fmn.pdf "'Forget-me-not' Intimate Computing in Support of Human Memory"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426205744/http://www.lamming.com/mik/Papers/fmn.pdf |date=26 April 2006 }} in ''Proceedings FRIEND21 Symposium on Next Generation Human Interfaces''</ref> It interacted via wireless transmitters in rooms and with equipment in the area to remember who was there, who was being talked to on the telephone, and what objects were in the room, allowing queries like "Who came by my office while I was on the phone to Mark?". As with the Toronto system, Forget-Me-Not was not based on a head-mounted display.

Also in 1994, [[DARPA]] started the Smart Modules Program to develop a modular, ''humionic'' approach to wearable and carryable computers, with the goal of producing a variety of products including computers, radios, navigation systems and human-computer interfaces that have both military and commercial use. In July 1996, DARPA went on to host the "Wearables in 2005" workshop, bringing together industrial, university, and military visionaries to work on the common theme of delivering computing to the individual.<ref name="DARPA">E.C. Urban, Kathleen Griggs, Dick Martin, Dan Siewiorek and Tom Blackadar, [http://www.darpa.mil/MTO/Displays/Wear2005/ Proceedings of Wearables in 2005] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050914132505/http://www.darpa.mil/MTO/Displays/Wear2005/ |date=14 September 2005 }}, Arlington, VA, 18–19 July 1996.</ref> A follow-up conference was hosted by [[Boeing]] in August 1996, where plans were finalized to create a new academic conference on wearable computing. In October 1997, Carnegie Mellon University, MIT, and [[Georgia Institute of Technology|Georgia Tech]] co-hosted the [[IEEE]] [[International Symposium on Wearable Computers|International Symposium on Wearables Computers (ISWC)]] in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]. The symposium was a full academic conference with published proceedings and papers ranging from sensors and new hardware to new applications for wearable computers, with 382 people registered for the event. In 1998, the Microelectronic and Computer Technology Corporation created the Wearable Electronics consortial program for industrial companies in the U.S. to rapidly develop wearable computers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1999-02-24 |title=MCC Launches Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems Investigation |url=http://www2.mcc.com/mcc/press/news/micro_EM_sys.html |access-date=2022-02-10 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990224001855/http://www2.mcc.com/mcc/press/news/micro_EM_sys.html |archive-date=24 February 1999 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The program preceded the MCC Heterogeneous Component Integration Study, an investigation of the technology, infrastructure, and business challenges surrounding the continued development and integration of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) with other system components.

In 1998, Steve Mann invented and built the world's first smartwatch. It was featured on the cover of Linux Journal in 2000, and demonstrated at ISSCC 2000.<ref>[https://www.delltechnologies.com/en-us/perspectives/podcasts-trailblazers-s03-e02/ Watches: Innovation on Time, Trailblazers, Season 3, Episode 2]</ref><ref>The History of Wearable Tech: From Calculator Watches to VR Headsets, Social Media Week, 5 April 2018</ref><ref>Linux Journal, July 2000, Issue 75, Cover + pages 86-91</ref>