Editing War (section)

===Casualties ===
[[File:War world map - DALY - WHO2004.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|[[Disability-adjusted life year]] for war per 100,000&nbsp;inhabitants in 2004<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/entity/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/gbddeathdalycountryestimates2004.xls |title=Mortality and Burden of Disease Estimates for WHO Member States in 2004 |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=5 October 2020 |archive-date=28 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828123901/https://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/gbddeathdalycountryestimates2004.xls |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Div col|small=yes|colwidth=10em}}
{{legend|#b3b3b3|no data}}
{{legend|#ffff65|less than 100}}
{{legend|#fff200|100–200}}
{{legend|#ffdc00|200–600}}
{{legend|#ffc600|600–1000}}
{{legend|#ffb000|1000–1400}}
{{legend|#ff9a00|1400–1800}}
{{legend|#ff8400|1800–2200}}
{{legend|#ff6e00|2200–2600}}
{{legend|#ff5800|2600–3000}}
{{legend|#ff4200|3000–8000}}
{{legend|#ff2c00|8000–8800}}
{{legend|#cb0000|more than 8800}}
{{div col end}}]]

Estimates for total deaths due to war vary widely. In one estimate, primitive warfare from 50,000 to 3000 BCE has been thought to have claimed 400{{nbsp}}million±133,000 victims based on the assumption that it accounted for the 15.1% of all deaths.<ref>Matthew White, [http://necrometrics.com/pre1700b.htm#Primitive 'Primitive War'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130414061247/http://necrometrics.com/pre1700b.htm#Primitive |date=14 April 2013 }}</ref> [[Ian Morris (historian)|Ian Morris]] estimated that the rate could be as high as 20%.<ref>Morris, Ian (2012). "The evolution of war," ''Cliodynamics'', vol 3 (1): p 9, https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8jr9v920</ref> Other scholars find the prehistoric percentage much lower, around 2%, similar to the Neanderthals and ancestors of apes and primates.<ref>Gómez, José María et al (Summer 2016). "The phylogenetic roots of human lethal violence," ''Nature'', vol 538 (7624), https://www.uv.es/~verducam/HHL.pdf</ref> 

For the period 3000 BCE until 1991, estimates range from 151{{nbsp}}million <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eckhardt |first1=William |date=1991 |title=War-related deaths since 3000 BC. |url= |journal=Bulletin of Peace Proposals |volume= 22|issue=4 |pages=437–443 |doi= 10.1177/096701069102200410|s2cid=144946896 |access-date=}}, https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=27e7fdb7d9b671cdcf999f3aab15cca8be25b163</ref> to several{{nbsp}}billion.<ref>[[Ian Morris (historian)|Morris, Ian]] (2012). "The evolution of war," ''Cliodynamics'', vol 3 (1): p 9-37, https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8jr9v920</ref><ref>Morris, Ian (2014). ''War! What It Is Good For? Conflict and the Progress of Civilization from Primates to Robots''. (Profile Books Limited), https://books.google.co.il/books?redir_esc=y&hl=ru&id=FbxXAgAAQBAJ&q=per+cent#v=snippet&q=per%20cent&f=fals</ref> The lowest estimate for history of 151 million was calculated by William Eckhardt. He explained his method as summing the recorded casualties and multiplying their average by the number of recorded battles or wars. This method excludes indirect deaths for premodern wars and all deaths for unrecorded wars. Few premodern wars were recorded beyond Eurasia and only 18 wars were recorded for period 3000 - 1500 BC worldwide.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eckhardt |first1=William |date=1991 |title=War-related deaths since 3000 BC. |url= |journal=Bulletin of Peace Proposals |volume= 22|issue=4 |pages=437–441 |doi= 10.1177/096701069102200410|s2cid=144946896 |access-date=}}, https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=27e7fdb7d9b671cdcf999f3aab15cca8be25b163</ref>  Later researches shifted from Eckhardt's approach to general estimations of the percentage of population killed by wars. [[Azar Gat]] and [[Ian Morris (historian)|Ian Morris]] both give the lowest estimate of 1% for history including all the 20th century,<ref>[[Azar Gat|Gat, Azar]] (2012). "Is war declining– and why?" ''Journal of Peace Research'', vol  50 (2): p 150, https://is.muni.cz/el/1423/podzim2015/MVZ208/um/Journal_of_Peace_Research-2013-Gat-149-57.pdf</ref><ref>[[Ian Morris (historian)|Morris, Ian]] (2012). "The evolution of war," ''Cliodynamics'', vol 3 (1): p 9-37, https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8jr9v920</ref><ref>Morris, Ian (2014). ''War! What It Is Good For? Conflict and the Progress of Civilization from Primates to Robots''. (Profile Books Limited), https://books.google.co.il/books?redir_esc=y&hl=ru&id=FbxXAgAAQBAJ&q=per+cent#v=snippet&q=per%20cent&f=false</ref> or about 1 billion.<ref>Haub, Carl (1995). "How many people have ever lived on earth?" ''Population Today'', vol 23 (2), p 4-5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12288594/</ref> The highest estimates of both scholars exceed the famous "hoax" of 3,640,000,000 people killed in wars which circulated decades in scholarly literature in various countries.<ref>Jongman, B. & Dennen J. M. G. van der (2005). "The great 'war figures' hoax: An investigation in polemomythology," (University of Groningen), https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/148292168.pdf</ref> Gat gives 5%,<ref>[[Azar Gat|Gat, Azar]] (2012). "Is war declining– and why?" ''Journal of Peace Research'', vol  50 (2): p 150, https://is.muni.cz/el/1423/podzim2015/MVZ208/um/Journal_of_Peace_Research-2013-Gat-149-57.pdf</ref> or about 5 billion.<ref>Haub, Carl (1995). "How many people have ever lived on earth?" ''Population Today'', vol 23 (2), p 4-5, https://www.prb.org/articles/how-many-people-have-ever-lived-on-earth/</ref> Morris gives for the 20th century 2%, for 1400-1900 3% in Europe and "slightly higher" elsewhere, 5% for the ancient empires in 500 BC - AD 200, 10% for the rest of history and 20% for prehistory.<ref>[[Ian Morris (historian)|Morris, Ian]] (2012). "The evolution of war," ''Cliodynamics'', vol 3 (1): p 9-37, https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8jr9v920</ref><ref>Morris, Ian (2014). ''War! What It Is Good For? Conflict and the Progress of Civilization from Primates to Robots''. (Profile Books Limited), https://books.google.co.il/books?redir_esc=y&hl=ru&id=FbxXAgAAQBAJ&q=per+cent#v=snippet&q=per%20cent&f=false</ref> His total for history is thus about 9 billion.<ref>Haub, Carl (1995). "How many people have ever lived on earth?" ''Population Today'', vol 23 (2), p 4-5, https://www.prb.org/articles/how-many-people-have-ever-lived-on-earth/</ref>