Editing Vitamin deficiency (section)

==History==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style = "float:right; font-size:90%; margin-left:15px"
|+ The discovery dates of vitamins and their sources
|- class="hintergrundfarbe6"
! Year of discovery !! Vitamin
|-
| 1913 || Vitamin A ([[Retinol]])
|-
| 1910 || Vitamin B<sub>1</sub> ([[Thiamine]])
|-
| 1920 || Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)
|-
| 1920 || Vitamin D (Calciferol)
|-
| 1920 || Vitamin B<sub>2</sub> ([[Riboflavin]])
|-
| 1922 || Vitamin E ([[Tocopherol]])
|-
| 1929 || Vitamin K<sub>1</sub> ([[Phylloquinone]])
|-
| 1931 || Vitamin B<sub>5</sub> ([[Pantothenic acid]])
|-
| 1931 || Vitamin B<sub>7</sub> ([[Biotin]])
|-
| 1934 || Vitamin B<sub>6</sub> (Pyridoxine)
|-
| 1936 || Vitamin B<sub>3</sub> ([[Niacin (nutrient)|Niacin]])
|-
| 1941 || Vitamin B<sub>9</sub> ([[Folate]])
|-
| 1948 || [[Vitamin B12|Vitamin B<sub>12</sub>]] (Cobalamins)
|-
|}

In 1747, the Scottish surgeon [[James Lind (physician)|James Lind]] discovered that [[citrus]] foods helped prevent [[scurvy]], a particularly deadly disease in which [[collagen]] is not properly formed, causing poor wound healing, bleeding of the [[gingiva|gums]], severe pain, and death.<ref name="Challem">Jack Challem (1997).[http://www.thenutritionreporter.com/history_of_vitamins.html "The Past, Present and Future of Vitamins"]</ref> In 1753, Lind published his ''Treatise on the Scurvy'', which recommended using lemons and [[Lime (fruit)|lime]]s to avoid [[scurvy]], which was adopted by the British [[Royal Navy]]. This led to the nickname ''[[limey]]'' for British sailors. Lind's discovery, however, was not widely accepted by individuals in the Royal Navy's [[Arctic]] expeditions in the 19th century, where it was widely believed that scurvy could be prevented by practicing good [[hygiene]], regular exercise, and maintaining the [[morale]] of the crew while on board, rather than by a diet of fresh food.<ref name="Challem"/>

During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the use of deprivation studies allowed scientists to isolate and identify a number of vitamins. Lipid from [[fish oil]] was used to cure [[rickets]] in rats, and the fat-soluble nutrient was called "antirachitic A". Thus, the first "vitamin" bioactivity ever isolated, which cured rickets, was initially called "vitamin A"; however, the bioactivity of this compound is now called [[vitamin D]].<ref>{{cite web | last = Bellis | first = Mary | name-list-style = vanc | url = http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bl_vitamins.htm | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120709104517/http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bl_vitamins.htm | archive-date = 2012-07-09 | title = Production Methods The History of the Vitamins | access-date = 1 February 2005}}</ref> In 1881, [[Russian Empire|Russia]]n medical doctor [[Nikolai I. Lunin]] studied the effects of scurvy at the [[University of Tartu]]. He fed mice an artificial mixture of all the separate constituents of milk known at that time, namely the [[protein]]s, fats, [[carbohydrate]]s, and [[salt (chemistry)|salt]]s. The mice that received only the individual constituents died, while the mice fed by milk itself developed normally. He made a conclusion that substances essential for life must be present in milk other than the known principal ingredients. However, his conclusions were rejected by his advisor, [[Gustav von Bunge]].<ref name=Gratzer>{{cite book|last1=Gratzer|first1=Walter | name-list-style = vanc |chapter=9. The quarry run to earth|title=Terrors of the table: the curious history of nutrition|date=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-920563-9|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W2g8vHsjpjwC&pg=PT182|access-date=5 November 2015}}</ref>

In East Asia, where polished [[white rice]] was the common staple food of the middle class, [[beriberi]] resulting from lack of vitamin B<sub>1</sub> was [[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]]. In 1884, [[Takaki Kanehiro]], a British-trained medical doctor of the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]], observed that beriberi was endemic among low-ranking crew who often ate nothing but rice, but not among officers who consumed a Western-style diet. With the support of the Japanese Navy, he experimented using crews of two [[battleship]]s; one crew was fed only white rice, while the other was fed a diet of meat, fish, barley, rice, and beans. The group that ate only white rice documented 161 crew members with beriberi and 25 deaths, while the latter group had only 14 cases of beriberi and no deaths. This convinced Takaki and the Japanese Navy that diet was the cause of beriberi, but they mistakenly believed that sufficient amounts of protein prevented it.<ref name=Rosenfeld>{{cite journal | author = Rosenfeld L | title = Vitamine-vitamin. The early years of discovery | journal = Clinical Chemistry | volume = 43 | issue = 4 | pages = 680–685 | date = 1997 | pmid = 9105273 |url=http://clinchem.aaccjnls.org/content/43/4/680.long | doi = 10.1093/clinchem/43.4.680| doi-access = free }}</ref> That diseases could result from some dietary deficiencies was further investigated by [[Christiaan Eijkman]], who in 1897 discovered that feeding unpolished rice instead of the polished variety to chickens helped to prevent beriberi.<ref name=Wendt>{{cite journal|last1=Wendt|first1=Diane | name-list-style = vanc |title=Packed full of questions: Who benefits from dietary supplements?|journal=Distillations Magazine|date=2015|volume=1|issue=3|pages=41–45 |url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/packed-full-of-questions|access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> The following year, [[Frederick Hopkins]] postulated that some foods contained "accessory factors"&nbsp;— in addition to proteins, carbohydrates, fats ''etc.''&nbsp;— that are necessary for the functions of the human body.<ref name="Challem"/> Hopkins and Eijkman were awarded the [[Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine]] in 1929 for their discoveries.<ref name=Carpenter>{{cite web |last = Carpenter|first = Kenneth L| name-list-style = vanc |title = The Nobel Prize and the Discovery of Vitamins |url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/articles/carpenter/index.html |publisher = The Nobel Foundation |date =22 June 2004 |access-date = 5 October 2009}}</ref>

[[File:J. C. Drummond, The Nomenclature of the So-called Accessory Food Factors (Vitamins), 1920.png|thumb|[[Jack Drummond]]'s single-paragraph article in 1920 which provided structure and nomenclature used today for vitamins]]
In 1910, the first vitamin complex was isolated by Japanese scientist [[Umetaro Suzuki]], who succeeded in extracting a water-soluble complex of micronutrients from rice bran and named it [[aberic acid]] (later ''Orizanin''). He published this discovery in a Japanese scientific journal.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Active constituent of rice grits preventing bird polyneuritis|journal=Tokyo Kagaku Kaishi |date=1911|author=Suzuki, U.|author2=Shimamura, T.|volume=32|pages=4–7; 144–146; 335–358|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/nikkashi1880/32/1/_contents|doi=10.1246/nikkashi1880.32.4 |doi-access=free}}</ref> When the article was translated into German, the translation failed to state that it was a newly discovered nutrient, a claim made in the original Japanese article, and hence his discovery failed to gain publicity. In 1912 Polish-born biochemist [[Casimir Funk]], working in London, isolated the same complex of micronutrients and proposed the complex be named "vitamine". It was later to be known as vitamin B<sub>3</sub> (niacin), though he described it as "anti-beri-beri-factor" (which would today be called thiamine or vitamin B<sub>1</sub>). Funk proposed the hypothesis that other diseases, such as rickets, [[pellagra]], [[coeliac disease]], and scurvy could also be cured by vitamins. [[Maximilian Nierenstein|Max Nierenstein]], a friend and reader of Biochemistry at Bristol University, reportedly suggested the "vitamine" name (from "vital amine").<ref name= Nierenstein>{{cite book |last = Combs|first = Gerald|title = The vitamins: fundamental aspects in nutrition and health|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1CMHiWum0Y4C&pg=PA16|isbn = 978-0-12-183493-7 |date = 2008| publisher=Elsevier }}</ref><ref>Funk, C. and Dubin, H. E. (1922). ''The Vitamines''. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins Company.</ref> The name soon became synonymous with Hopkins' "accessory factors", and by the time it was shown that not all vitamins are [[amine]]s the word was already ubiquitous. In 1920, [[Jack Cecil Drummond]] proposed that the final "e" be dropped to deemphasize the "amine" reference, after researchers began to suspect that not all "vitamines" (in particular, [[vitamin A]]) have an amine component.<ref name=Rosenfeld/>

In 1930, [[Paul Karrer]] elucidated the correct structure for [[beta-carotene]], the main precursor of vitamin A, and identified other [[carotenoids]]. Karrer and [[Norman Haworth]] confirmed Albert Szent-Györgyi's discovery of [[ascorbic acid]] and made significant contributions to the chemistry of [[flavins]], which led to the identification of [[lactoflavin]]. For their investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B<sub>2</sub>, Karrer and Haworth jointly received the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] in 1937.<ref name=Karrer>{{cite web |publisher=The Nobel Foundation|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1937/summary/|title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1937|date=2019|access-date=18 February 2019}}</ref> In 1931, [[Albert Szent-Györgyi]] and a fellow researcher Joseph Svirbely suspected that "hexuronic acid" was actually [[vitamin C]], and gave a sample to [[Charles Glen King]], who proved its anti-[[scurvy|scorbutic]] activity in his long-established [[guinea pig]] scorbutic assay. In 1937, Szent-Györgyi was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] for this discovery. In 1938, [[Richard Kuhn]] was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] for his work on carotenoids and vitamins, specifically B<sub>2</sub> and B<sub>6</sub>.<ref name=Kuhn>{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1938/index.html|title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1938|access-date=5 July 2018|publisher=The Nobel Foundation}}</ref> In 1943, [[Edward Adelbert Doisy]] and [[Henrik Dam]] were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of [[vitamin K]] and its chemical structure. In 1967, [[George Wald]] was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (jointly with [[Ragnar Granit]] and [[Haldan Keffer Hartline]]) for the discovery that vitamin A could participate directly in a physiological process.<ref name= Carpenter/>