Editing Veal (section)

=== Veal crates ===
[[File:Calves.JPG|thumb|[[Holstein Friesian|Holstein]] calves in individual crates]]
Veal crates are a close-confinement system of raising veal calves. Many calves raised for veal, including in Canada<ref name="HSI">{{cite web|url=http://www.hsi.org/world/canada/work/intensive-confinement/facts/veal-crates-canada-facts.html|author=Humane Society International|publisher=Humane Society International|title=Fast facts on veal crates in Canada|date=April 9, 2014|access-date=April 19, 2016|archive-date=April 27, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427122458/http://www.hsi.org/world/canada/work/intensive-confinement/facts/veal-crates-canada-facts.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the US, were confined in crates which typically measure approximately {{cvt|66-76|cm|ftin|frac=2}} wide. The calves were housed individually and the crates may prevent physical contact between adjacent calves, and sometimes also visual contact.<ref name="BCSPCA">{{cite web|publisher=British Columbia Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals|year=2012|title=Calf in a box: Individual confinement housing used in veal production|author1=Greter, A.|author2=Levison, L.|name-list-style=amp|access-date=April 19, 2016|url=http://www.spca.bc.ca/assets/documents/welfare/.../june-2012-feature-story.pdf}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In the past, crated calves were often tied to the front of the crate with a tether which restricted movement.<ref name="HSUS2016" /><ref name="BCSPCA" /><ref name="HSUSreport">{{cite web|publisher=The Humane Society of the United States|title=An HSUS Report: The Welfare of Intensively Confined Animals in Battery Cages, Gestation Crates, and Veal Crates|access-date=April 19, 2016|url=http://www.humanesociety.org/assets/pdfs/farm/hsus-the-welfare-of-intensively-confined-animals.pdf|year=2012|archive-date=April 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404032857/http://www.humanesociety.org/assets/pdfs/farm/hsus-the-welfare-of-intensively-confined-animals.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Floors were often slatted and sloped, allowing urine and manure to fall under the crate to help maintain a clean environment for the calf. In some veal crate systems, the calves were also kept in the dark without bedding and fed nothing but milk.<ref name="Bentham" /><ref name="Atkins" /> Veal crates were designed to limit movement of the animal because it was believed by producers that the meat would turn redder and tougher if the animals were allowed to exercise.<ref name="Independent1995" /> The diet was sometimes highly regulated to control sources of iron, which again makes the meat redder.

In the US, the use of tethers in veal crates to prevent movement by veal calves was a principal source of controversy in veal farming. Many veal farmers started improving conditions in their veal farms in the 2000s.<ref name="wpost">Black, Jane (October 28, 2009). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/10/27/AR2009102700563.html "The kinder side of veal"]. ''[[Washington Post]]''.</ref><ref name="NYTIMESV">{{cite news| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/18/dining/18veal.html | title = Veal to Love, Without the Guilt | work = [[The New York Times]] | first=Marian | last=Burros | date=April 18, 2007}}</ref> Veal tethering is criticized because the ability of the calves to move is highly restricted; the crates may have unsuitable flooring; the calves spend their entire lives indoors, experience prolonged sensory, social, and exploratory deprivation; and the calves are more susceptible to high amounts of stress and disease.<ref name="HSUSW"/>