Editing Vanadium (section)

== Occurrence ==
[[File:Vanadinite, goethite(2).jpg|thumb|[[Vanadinite]]]]
Metallic vanadium is rare in nature (known as '''native vanadium'''),<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Ostrooumov, M. |author2=Taran, Y. |year=2015 |title=Discovery of Native Vanadium, a New Mineral from the Colima Volcano, State of Colima (Mexico) |url=https://www.uhu.es/fexp/sem2015/arc/macla/macla_20_109-110.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Revista de la Sociedad Española de Mineralogía |volume=20 |pages=109–110 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207070847/https://www.uhu.es/fexp/sem2015/arc/macla/macla_20_109-110.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2023 |access-date=7 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vanadium: Vanadium mineral information and data |url=https://www.mindat.org/min-43604.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716205934/https://www.mindat.org/min-43604.html |archive-date=16 July 2021 |access-date=2016-03-02 |website=Mindat.org}}</ref> having been found among fumaroles of the [[Volcán de Colima|Colima Volcano]], but vanadium compounds occur naturally in about 65 different [[mineral]]s. 

Vanadium began to be used in the manufacture of special steels in 1896. At that time, very few deposits of vanadium ores were known. Between 1899 and 1906, the main deposits exploited were the mines of Santa Marta de los Barros (Badajoz), Spain. [[Vanadinite]] was extracted from these mines.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Calvo Rebollar |first=Miguel |title=Construyendo la Tabla Periódica |publisher=Prames |year=2019 |isbn=978-84-8321-908-9 |location=Zaragoza, Spain |pages=161–165 |language=es |trans-title=Building the Periodic Table}}</ref>  At the beginning of the 20th century, a large deposit of vanadium ore was discovered near Junín, [[Cerro de Pasco]], [[Peru]] (now the [[Minas Ragra]] vanadium mine).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hillebrand |first1=W. F. |year=1907 |title=The Vanadium Sulphide, Patronite, and ITS Mineral Associates from Minasragra, Peru |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1450154 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |volume=29 |issue=7 |pages=1019–1029 |doi=10.1021/ja01961a006 |bibcode=1907JAChS..29.1019H |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911093143/https://zenodo.org/record/1450154 |archive-date=11 September 2021 |access-date=6 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hewett |first1=F. |year=1906 |title=A New Occurrence of Vanadium in Peru |journal=The Engineering and Mining Journal |volume=82 |issue=9 |pages=385}}</ref><ref name="scielo">{{cite journal |last1=Steinberg |first1=W.S. |last2=Geyser |first2=W. |last3=Nell |first3=J. |year=2011 |title=The history and development of the pyrometallurgical processes at Evraz Highveld Steel & Vanadium |url=http://www.scielo.org.za/pdf/jsaimm/v111n10/v111n10a09.pdf |url-status=live |journal=The Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy |volume=111 |pages=705–710 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911093146/http://www.scielo.org.za/pdf/jsaimm/v111n10/v111n10a09.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2021 |access-date=17 December 2018}}</ref> For several years this [[patrónite]] (VS<sub>4</sub>)<ref>{{cite web |title=mineralogical data about Patrónite |url=https://www.mindat.org/min-3131.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430004309/https://www.mindat.org/min-3131.html |archive-date=30 April 2021 |access-date=19 January 2009 |publisher=mindata.org}}</ref> deposit was an economically significant source for vanadium ore. In 1920 roughly two-thirds of the worldwide production was supplied by the mine in Peru.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Allen |first1=M. A. |last2=Butler |first2=G. M. |date=1921 |title=Vanadium |url=https://repository.arizona.edu/bitstream/handle/10150/630042/b-115_vanadium.pdf |url-status=live |journal=University of Arizona |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427182032/https://repository.arizona.edu/bitstream/handle/10150/630042/b-115_vanadium.pdf |archive-date=27 April 2021 |access-date=20 January 2020}}</ref> With the production of uranium in the 1910s and 1920s from [[carnotite]] ({{nowrap|K<sub>2</sub>(UO<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(VO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>·3H<sub>2</sub>O}}) vanadium became available as a side product of uranium production. [[Vanadinite]] ({{nowrap|Pb<sub>5</sub>(VO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>Cl}}) and other vanadium bearing minerals are only mined in exceptional cases. With the rising demand, much of the world's vanadium production is now sourced from vanadium-bearing [[magnetite]] found in [[ultramafic]] [[gabbro]] bodies. If this [[titanomagnetite]] is used to produce iron, most of the vanadium goes to the [[slag]] and is extracted from it.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hukkanen |first1=E. |last2=Walden |first2=H. |year=1985 |title=The production of vanadium and steel from titanomagnetites |journal=International Journal of Mineral Processing |volume=15 |issue=1–2 |pages=89–102 |bibcode=1985IJMP...15...89H |doi=10.1016/0301-7516(85)90026-2}}</ref><ref name="scielo" />

Vanadium is mined mostly in [[China]], [[South Africa]] and eastern [[Russia]]. In 2022 these three countries mined more than 96% of the 100,000 [[tonne|tons]] of produced vanadium, with China providing 70%.<ref name="usgs">{{cite web |last=Polyak |first=Désirée E. |title=Mineral Commodity Summaries 2023: Vanadium |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2023/mcs2023-vanadium.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207070837/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2023/mcs2023-vanadium.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2023 |access-date=7 February 2023 |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]}}</ref>

Fumaroles of Colima are known of being vanadium-rich, depositing other vanadium minerals, that include shcherbinaite (V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>) and [[colimaite]] (K<sub>3</sub>VS<sub>4</sub>).<ref>Ostrooumov, M., and Taran, Y., 2015. Discovery of Native Vanadium, a New Mineral from the Colima Volcano, State of Colima (Mexico). Revista de la Sociedad Española de Mineralogía 20, 109-110</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mindat.org/min-43604.html |title=Vanadium: Vaandium mineral information and data |website=Mindat.org |accessdate=2016-03-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mindat.org/min-43604.html |title=Colima volcano (Volcan de Fuego; Volcan de Colima), Colima volcanic complex, Jalisco, Mexico |website=Mindat.org |accessdate=2016-03-02}}</ref>

Vanadium is also present in [[bauxite]] and deposits of [[crude oil]], [[coal]], [[oil shale]], and [[tar sand]]s. In crude oil, concentrations up to 1200&nbsp;ppm have been reported. When such oil products are burned, traces of vanadium may cause [[corrosion]] in engines and boilers.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pearson |first1=C. D. |last2=Green |first2=J. B. |date=1 May 1993 |title=Vanadium and nickel complexes in petroleum resid acid, base, and neutral fractions |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1198139/ |url-status=live |journal=Energy & Fuels |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=338–346 |doi=10.1021/ef00039a001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911093151/https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1198139/ |archive-date=11 September 2021 |access-date=10 August 2018}}</ref> An estimated 110,000 tons of vanadium per year are released into the atmosphere by burning [[fossil fuels]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Anke |first1=Manfred |date=2004 |title=Vanadium: An element both essential and toxic to plants, animals and humans? |url=https://analesranf.com/wp-content/uploads/2004/70_04/7004_06.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Anales de la Real Academia Nacional de Farmacia |volume=70 |issue=4 |pages=961–999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419220209/https://analesranf.com/wp-content/uploads/2004/70_04/7004_06.pdf |archive-date=19 April 2023 |access-date=19 April 2023}}</ref> [[Black shale]]s are also a potential source of vanadium. During WWII some vanadium was extracted from [[alum shale]]s in the south of Sweden.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dyni |first1=John R. |title=Scientific Investigations Report |year=2006 |page=22 |chapter=Geology and resources of some world oil-shale deposits |doi=10.3133/sir29955294 |s2cid=19814608}}</ref>

In the universe, the [[Abundance of the chemical elements#Universe|cosmic abundance]] of vanadium is 0.0001%, making the element nearly as common as [[copper]] or [[zinc]].<ref name="Dieter">{{cite book |last1=Rehder |first1=Dieter |title=Bioinorganic Vanadium Chemistry |date=2008 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |isbn=978-0-470-06509-9 |edition=1st |series=Inorganic Chemistry |location=Hamburg, Germany |pages=5 & 9–10 |doi=10.1002/9780470994429}}</ref> Vanadium is the 19th most abundant element in the crust.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Emsley |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j-Xu07p3cKwC&dq=%2219th+most+abundant+element%22&pg=PA486 |title=Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-850340-8 |language=en}}</ref> It is detected [[Optical spectrometer|spectroscopically]] in light from the [[Sun]] and sometimes in the light from other [[star]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cowley |first1=C. R. |last2=Elste |first2=G. H. |last3=Urbanski |first3=J. L. |date=October 1978 |title=Vanadium abundances in early A stars |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific |volume=90 |pages=536 |bibcode=1978PASP...90..536C |doi=10.1086/130379 |s2cid=121428891|doi-access=free }}</ref> The [[vanadyl ion]] is also abundant in [[seawater]], having an average concentration of 30&nbsp;[[Molar concentration#Units|nM]] (1.5&nbsp;mg/m<sup>3</sup>).<ref name="Dieter" /> Some [[mineral water]] [[spring (hydrology)|springs]] also contain the ion in high concentrations. For example, springs near [[Mount Fuji]] contain as much as 54&nbsp;[[microgram|μg]] per [[liter]].<ref name="Dieter" />