Editing Valencian language (section)

==== Consonants ====
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align: center;"
|+ Consonants of Valencian{{sfn|Saborit Vilar|2009|p=52}}<ref name="Lacreu i Cuesta 2002 40–4" /><ref name="EOV (2002)"/>
|-
! colspan="2" |
! scope="col" colspan=2 | [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! scope="col" colspan=2 | [[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br />[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! scope="col" colspan=2 | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! scope="col" colspan=2 | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
! scope="row" colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" width=25px| || style="border-left: 0;" width=25px | {{IPA link|m}}
| style="border-right: 0;" width=25px| || style="border-left: 0;" width=25px | {{IPA link|n}}
| style="border-right: 0;" width=25px| || style="border-left: 0;" width=25px | {{IPA link|ɲ}}
| style="border-right: 0;" width=25px| || style="border-left: 0;" width=25px | ({{IPA link|ŋ}})
|-
! scope="row" colspan="2" | [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
| style="border-right: 0;" width=25px| {{IPA link|p}} || style="border-left: 0;" width=25px | {{IPA link|b}}
| style="border-right: 0;" width=25px| {{IPA link|t̪|t}} || style="border-left: 0;" width=25px | {{IPA link|d̪|d}}
| colspan=2 |
| style="border-right: 0;" width=25px| {{IPA link|k}} ||  style="border-left: 0;" width=25px | {{IPA link|ɡ}}
|-
! scope="row" colspan="2" | [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
| colspan=2 |
| style="border-right: 0;" width=25px| {{IPA link|t̠s̠|t͡s}} || style="border-left: 0;" width=25px | {{IPA link|d̠z̠|d͡z}}
| style="border-right: 0;" width=25px| {{IPA link|tɕ|t͡ʃ}} || style="border-left: 0;" width=25px | {{IPA link|dʑ|d͡ʒ}}
| colspan=2 |
|-
! scope="row" colspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| style="border-right: 0;" width=25px| {{IPA link|f}} || style="border-left: 0;" width=25px | {{IPA link|v}}
| style="border-right: 0;" width=25px| {{IPA link|s̠|s}} || style="border-left: 0;" width=25px | {{IPA link|z̠|z}}
| style="border-right: 0;" width=25px| {{IPAlink|ɕ|ʃ}} || style="border-left: 0;" width=25px | ({{IPAlink|ʑ|ʒ}})
| colspan=2 |
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
! <small>[[Central consonant|Central]]</small>
| colspan=2 |
| colspan=2 |
| style="border-right: 0;"| || style="border-left: 0;"  | {{IPA link|j}}
| style="border-right: 0;"| || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|w}}
|-
! scope="row" | <small>[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]</small>
| colspan=2 |
| style="border-right: 0;"| || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|l}}
| style="border-right: 0;"| || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|ʎ}}
| colspan=2 |
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | [[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
! <small>[[Tap and flap consonants|Tap]]</small>
| colspan=2 |
| style="border-right: 0;"| || style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|ɾ}}
| colspan=2 |
| colspan=2 |
|-
! scope="row" | <small>[[Trill consonant|Trill]]</small>
| colspan=2 |
| style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;" | {{IPA link|r}}
| colspan=2 |
| colspan=2 |
|}

; Nasals
* {{IPA|/m/}} is bilabial, except before {{IPA|/v/}} and {{IPA|/f/}} where it becomes labiodental {{IPA|[ɱ]}}.
* {{IPA|/n/}} is apical front alveolar {{IPA|[n̺]}}, and laminal denti-alveolar {{IPA|[n̪]}} before {{IPA|/t/}} and {{IPA|/d/}}.
** In addition, {{IPA|/n/}} is postalveolar {{IPA|[n̠]}} or alveolo-palatal {{IPA|[ɲ̟]}} before {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}, {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}, and {{IPA|/ʃ/}}; velar {{IPA|[ŋ]}} before {{IPA|/ɡ/}} and {{IPA|/k/}}; and labiodental {{IPA|[ɱ]}} before {{IPA|/v/}} and {{IPA|/f/}}, where it merges with {{IPA|/m/}}. It also merges with {{IPA|/m/}} (to {{IPA|[m]}}) before {{IPA|/b/}} and {{IPA|/p/}}.
* {{IPA|/ɲ/}} is laminal front alveolo-palatal {{IPA|[ɲ̟]}}.
* {{IPA|/ŋ/}} is velar and is only found in the coda.

; Obstruents
* Obstruents assimilate to the voicing of the following consonant and vowel: {{lang|ca-valencia|el'''s''' amics}} {{IPA|[elz‿aˈmiks]}} ('the friends').
** Voiced obstruents undergo [[final-obstruent devoicing]] so that {{lang|ca|fre'''d'''}} ('cold', [[grammatical gender|m.]] [[grammatical number|s.]]) is pronounced with {{IPA|[t]}} (or {{IPA|[d̥]}}) {{IPA|[ˈfɾet]}} while {{lang|ca|fre'''d'''es}} ('cold', [[grammatical gender|f.]] [[grammatical number|pl.]]) is pronounced with {{IPA|[ð]}} {{IPA|[ˈfɾeðes]}}. (See also "[[#Anchor plosives|plosives]]" and "[[#Anchor affricates and fricatives|affricates and fricatives]]").

:; Plosives {{Anchor|Anchor plosives}}
:* {{IPA|/b/}} and {{IPA|/p/}} are bilabial.
:** {{IPA|/b/}} is lenited to the approximant (or fricative) {{IPAblink|β̞}} (or {{IPAblink|β}}) in [[betacism|betacist]] dialects, after a [[continuant]], i.e. a vowel or any type of consonant other than a [[stop consonant|stop]] or [[nasal consonant|nasal]] (e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|ca'''b'''ut}} {{IPA|[kaˈβ̞ut]}} 'big head, stubborn' vs. {{lang|ca-valencia|can'''v'''i}} {{IPA|[ˈkambi]}} 'change', Standard without betacism: {{IPA|[kaˈbut]}} and {{IPA|[ˈkaɱvi]}}).
:** Voiced contrast is lost word finally, so {{lang|ca-valencia|cu'''b'''}} ('cube') and {{lang|ca-valencia|cu'''p'''}} ('winepress') are both pronounced with final {{IPA|[p]}} (also represented as {{IPA|[b̥]}}).
:*** Final {{IPA|/p/}} may be lenited before a vowel: {{lang|ca|ca'''p''' estret}} {{IPA|[ˈkab‿esˈtɾet]}} or {{IPA|[ˈkaβ̞‿esˈtɾet]}} ('narrow head').{{sfn|Saborit Vilar|2009|p=53}}
:*** Final {{IPA|/p/}} after nasals is preserved in most dialects: {{lang|ca-valencia|cam'''p'''}} {{IPA|[ˈkamp]}} ('field').
:* {{IPA|/d/}} and {{IPA|/t/}} are laminal denti-alveolar {{IPA|[t̪]}} and {{IPA|[d̪]}}. After {{IPA|/s/}} and {{IPA|/z/}}, they are laminal alveolar {{IPA|[t̻]}} and {{IPA|[d̻]}}.
:** {{IPA|/d/}} is [[lenition|lenited]] to the approximant (or fricative) {{IPAblink|ð̞}} (or {{IPAblink|ð}}), after a [[continuant]], i.e. a vowel or any type of consonant other than a [[stop consonant|stop]] or [[nasal consonant|nasal]] (exceptions include {{IPA|/d/}} after [[lateral consonant]]s): {{lang|ca-valencia|fa'''d'''es}} {{IPA|[ˈfað̞es]}} 'fairies' vs. {{lang|ca-valencia|fal'''d'''es}} {{IPA|[ˈfal̪des]}} ('skirts').
:*** {{IPA|/d/}} {{IPA|[ð]}} is often elided between vowels following a stressed syllable (found notably in feminine participles, {{IPA|/ada/}} → {{IPA|[aː]}}, and in the suffix {{lang|ca-valencia|-dor}}); e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|fideuà}} {{IPA|[fiðeˈwaː]}} ( < {{lang|ca-valencia|fideua'''d'''a}}) '[[fideuà]]', {{lang|ca-valencia|moca'''d'''or}} {{IPA|[mokaˈoɾ]}} 'tissue' (note this feature, although widely spread in south Valencia, is not recommended in Standard Valencian,<ref name="EOV (2002)"/> except for reborrowed terms such as {{lang|ca-valencia|Albà}}, {{lang|ca-valencia|Roà}}, the previously mentioned {{lang|ca-valencia|fideuà}}, etc.).
:** Voiced contrast is lost word finally, so {{lang|ca-valencia|sor'''d'''}} ('deaf') and {{lang|ca-valencia|sor'''t'''}} ('luck') are both pronounced with final {{IPA|[t]}} (also represented as {{IPA|[d̥]}}).
:*** Final {{IPA|/t/}} may be lenited before a vowel: {{lang|ca|to'''t''' açò}} {{IPA|[ˈtoð‿aˈsɔ]}} ('all this').{{sfn|Saborit Vilar|2009|p=53}}
:*** Final {{IPA|/t/}} after nasals and laterals is preserved in most dialects: {{lang|ca-valencia|cen'''t'''}} {{IPA|[ˈsen̪t]}} ('hundred') and {{lang|ca-valencia|mol'''t'''}} {{IPA|[ˈmol̪t]}} ('very').
:* {{IPA|/ɡ/}} and {{IPA|/k/}} are velar.
:** {{IPA|/ɡ/}} and {{IPA|/k/}} are [[fronting (sound change)|fronted]] to pre-velar position [{{IPA link|ɟ̠}}, {{IPA link|c̠}}] before [[front vowel]]s: {{lang|ca-valencia|'''qu'''i}} {{IPA|[ˈc̠i]}} ('who'). This is not transcribed in broader transcriptions of Valencian.
:** {{IPA|/ɡ/}} is [[lenition|lenited]] to the approximant (or fricative) {{IPAblink|ɰ|ɣ̞}} (or {{IPAblink|ɣ}}) after a [[continuant]], i.e. a vowel or any type of consonant other than a [[stop consonant|stop]] or [[nasal consonant|nasal]].
:*** In some dialects, {{IPA|/ɡ/}} may lenite {{IPA|[ɣ]}} in all environments (e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|'''g'''at}} {{IPA|[ˈɣ̞at]}}), except after nasal ({{lang|ca-valencia|an'''g'''oixa}} {{IPA|[aŋˈɡojʃa]}} 'anguish').{{sfn|Saborit Vilar|2009|p=57}}
:** Voiced contrast is lost word finally, so {{lang|ca-valencia|re'''g'''}} ('irrigation') and {{lang|ca-valencia|re'''c'''}} ('irrigation ditch') are both pronounced with final {{IPA|[k]}} (also represented as {{IPA|[ɡ̥]}}).
:*** Final {{IPA|/k/}} may be lenited before a vowel: {{lang|ca|po'''c''' alt}} {{IPA|[ˈpɔɣ‿ˈal̪t]}} ('not very tall').{{sfn|Saborit Vilar|2009|p=53}}
:*** Final {{IPA|/k/}} after nasals is preserved in most dialects: {{lang|ca-valencia|ban'''c'''}} {{IPA|[ˈbaŋk]}} ('bank').

:; Affricates and fricatives {{Anchor|Anchor affricates and fricatives}}
:* {{IPA|/d͡z/}} and {{IPA|/t͡s/}} are apical alveolar {{IPA|[d͡z̺]}} and {{IPA|[t͡s̺]}}. They may be somewhat fronted, so that the stop component is laminal denti-alveolar, while the fricative component is apical post-dental. {{IPA|/t͡s/}} is rare and may not be phonemic.
:** In the Standard, intervocalic {{IPA|/d͡z/}}, e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|se'''tz'''e}} ('sixteen'), and {{IPA|/t͡s/}}, e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|po'''ts'''er}} ('maybe'), are recommended to be pronounced with a gemination of the stop element ({{IPA|[dd͡z]}} and {{IPA|[tt͡s]}}, respectively. However this is not transcribed in standard transcriptions.
:*** Note {{IPA|/d͡z/}} is deaffricated to {{IPAblink|z}} in verbs ending in {{lang|ca-valencia|-itzar}} and derivatives: {{lang|ca-valencia|anali'''tz'''ar}} {{IPA|[analiˈzaɾ]}} ('to analyse'), {{lang|ca-valencia|organi'''tz'''ació}} {{IPA|[oɾɣanizasiˈo]}} ('organisation'). Also in words like {{lang|ca-valencia|bo'''tz'''ina}} {{IPA|[boˈzina]}} ('horn'), {{lang|ca-valencia|hori'''tz'''ó}} {{IPA|[oɾiˈzo]}} ('horizon') and {{lang|ca-valencia|maga'''tz'''em}} {{IPA|[maɣaˈzem]}} ('storehouse') (cf. {{lang|ca-valencia|gui'''tz'''a}} {{IPA|[ˈɡid͡za]}}, 'kick' (from an animal)).
:* {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}, {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}, ({{IPA|[ʒ]}}), and {{IPA|/ʃ/}} are described as back alveolo-palatal, or postalveolar.
:** Valencian has preserved in most of its varieties the mediaeval [[voiced alveolo-palatal affricate|voiced pre-palatal affricate]] {{IPAslink|d͡ʑ|d͡ʒ}} (similar to the ''j'' in English "jeep") in contexts where other modern dialects have developed [[fricative consonant]]s {{IPA|/ʒ/}} (like the ''si'' in English "vision"), e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|di'''j'''ous}} {{IPA|[diˈd͡ʒɔws]}} ('Thursday').
:** Note the fricative {{IPAblink|ʑ|ʒ}} (and {{IPA|[jʒ]}}) appears only as a voiced [[allophone]] of {{IPA|/ʃ/}} (and {{IPA|/jʃ/}}) before vowels and voiced consonants; e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|pe'''ix''' al forn}} {{IPA|[ˈpejʒ al ˈfoɾn]}} ('oven fish').
:** Unlike other Catalan dialects, {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} and {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} do not geminate (in most accents): {{lang|ca-valencia|me'''tg'''e}} {{IPA|[ˈmed͡ʒe]}} ('medic'), and {{lang|ca-valencia|co'''tx'''e}} {{IPA|[ˈkot͡ʃe]}} ('car'). Exceptions may include learned terms like {{lang|ca-valencia|pi'''dg'''in}} {{IPA|[ˈpidd͡ʒin]}} ('pidgin').
:** Final etymological {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} is devoiced to {{IPA|[t͡ʃ]}}: {{lang|ca-valencia|lle'''ig'''}} {{IPA|[ˈʎet͡ʃ]}} ('ugly').
:* {{IPA|/z/}} and {{IPA|/s/}} are apical back alveolar {{IPA|[z̺]}} and {{IPA|[s̺]}}, also described as postalveolar.
:** In some dialects, {{IPA|/s/}} is pronounced {{IPAblink|sʲ}} or {{IPAblink|ʃ}} after {{IPA|/i, j, ʎ, ɲ/}}. In the Standard only is accepted after {{IPA|/i/}} (in the inchoative form with {{IPA|/sk/}} → {{IPA|[ʃk]}}), and after {{IPA|/ʎ, ɲ/}}: {{lang|ca-valencia|ell'''s'''}} {{IPA|[ˈeʎʃ]}} ('they'). In some variants the result may be an affricate.{{sfn|Recasens|2014|pp=253-254}}
:** Final {{IPA|/z/}} is devoiced to {{IPA|[s]}} (also represented as {{IPA|[z̥]}}): {{lang|ca-valencia|brun'''z'''}} {{IPA|[ˈbɾuns]}} ('they buzzes').
:* {{IPA|/v/}} and {{IPA|/f/}} are labiodental.
:** {{IPA|/v/}} occurs in Balearic,{{sfn|Carbonell|Llisterri|1992|p=53}} [[Algherese dialect|Alguerese]], Standard Valencian and some areas in southern Catalonia (e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|'''v'''iu}} {{IPA|[ˈviw]}}, 'they lives').{{sfn|Veny|2007|p=51}} It has [[betacism|merged]] with {{IPA|/b/}} [[Catalan language#Consonants|elsewhere]].{{sfn|Wheeler|2005|p=13}}
:*** {{IPA|/v/}} is realised as an approximant {{IPAblink|ʋ}} after continuants: {{lang|ca-valencia|a'''v'''anç}} {{IPA|[aˈʋans]}} ('advance'). This is not transcribed in this article.
:*** Final {{IPA|/v/}} is devoiced to {{IPA|[f]}} (also represented as {{IPA|[v̥]}}): {{lang|ca-valencia|sal'''v'''}} {{IPA|[ˈsalf]}} ('save, except').

; Liquids {{No bold|(rhotics and laterals)}}
* {{IPA|/l/}} is apical front alveolar {{IPA|[l̺]}}, and laminal denti-alveolar {{IPA|[l̪]}} before {{IPA|/t/}} and {{IPA|/d/}}. (In addition, {{IPA|/l/}} is postalveolar {{IPA|[l̠]}} or alveolo-palatal {{IPA|[ʎ̟]}} before {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}, {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}, and {{IPA|/ʃ/}}).
** {{IPA|/l/}} is normally [[velarization|velarised]] ({{IPAblink|ɫ}}), especially in the coda.
*** {{IPA|/l/}} is generally [[elision|dropped]] in the word {{lang|ca-valencia|a'''l'''tre}} {{IPA|[ˈatɾe]}} ('other'), as well as in derived terms.<ref name="EOV (2002)"/>
* {{IPA|/ʎ/}} is laminal front alveolo-palatal {{IPA|[ʎ̟]}}.
* {{IPA|/ɾ/}} is apical front alveolar {{IPA|[ɾ̺]}} and {{IPA|/r/}} is apical back alveolar {{IPA|[r̺]}}, also described as postalveolar.
** Between vowels, the two rhotics contrast (e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|mi'''r'''a}} {{IPA|[ˈmiɾa]}} 'they looks' vs. {{lang|ca-valencia|mi'''rr'''a}} {{IPA|[ˈmira]}} 'myrrh'), but they are otherwise in complementary distribution. {{IPAblink|ɾ}} appears in the [[syllable onset|onset]], except in word-initial position ({{lang|ca-valencia|'''r'''uc}} 'donkey'), after {{IPA|/l/}}, {{IPA|/n/}}, and {{IPA|/s/}}  ({{lang|ca-valencia|fol'''r'''e}} 'lining', {{lang|ca-valencia|hon'''r'''a}} 'honour', and {{lang|ca-valencia|Is'''r'''ael}} 'Israel'), and in [[compound (linguistics)|compounds]] ({{lang|ca-valencia|infra'''r'''oig}} 'infrared'), where {{IPAblink|r}} is used.
** {{IPA|/ɾ/}} is mostly retained in the coda (e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|ana'''r'''}} {{IPA|[aˈnaɾ]}}, 'to go'), except for some cases where it can be dropped: {{lang|ca-valencia|p'''r'''endre}} {{IPA|[ˈpendɾe]}} ('to take'), {{lang|ca-valencia|a'''r'''bre}} {{IPA|[ˈabɾe]}} ('tree'), and {{lang|ca-valencia|dine'''r'''s}} {{IPA|[diˈnes]}} ('money').<ref name="EOV (2002)"/>
*** In some dialects {{IPA|/ɾ/}} can be further dropped in combinatory forms with infinitives and pronouns ({{lang|ca-valencia|ana'''r'''-me'n}} {{IPA|[aˈna.men]}} 'to go away, to leave' [myself]).
*** In other dialects, further instances of final {{IPA|/ɾ/}} (like nouns and/or infinitives, regardless of combinatory forms with pronouns) are lost: {{lang|ca-valencia|ana'''r'''}} {{IPA|[aˈna]}} ('to go').

; Semivowels
* The vowels {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/u/}} have as non-vocalic correlates the semivowels {{IPA|[j]}} and {{IPA|[w]}}, respectively, which form a diphthong with the preceding or following vowel (e.g. {{lang|ca-valencia|h'''i'''ena}} {{IPA|[ˈjena]}} 'hyena', {{lang|ca-valencia|fe'''i'''a}} {{IPA|[ˈfeja]}} 'I / they was doing', {{lang|ca-valencia|me'''u'''a}} {{IPA|[ˈmewa]}} 'mine', {{lang|ca-valencia|pasq'''u'''a}} {{IPA|[ˈpaskwa]}} 'Easter').
** According {{Harvcoltxt|Wheeler|2005}},{{sfn|Wheeler|2005|p=101}} the sequences {{IPA|[ɡw]}} or {{IPA|[kw]}} are regarded as labiovelar phonemes {{IPA|/ɡʷ/}} and {{IPA|/kʷ/}}.

; Metathesis
* In some places, some terms can undergo [[sound change]]s (such as metathesis), like {{lang|ca-valencia|cridar}} → *{{lang|ca-valencia|crid(r)ar}} or {{lang|ca-valencia|quid(r)ar}} ('to call'). This is heard frequently in the term {{lang|ca-valencia|aigua}} (standard) → {{lang|ca-valencia|àuia}} (colloquial) ('water').