Editing Uzbek language (section)

== Grammar ==
As a Turkic language, Uzbek is [[null-subject language|null subject]], [[agglutinative language|agglutinative]] and has no [[noun class]]es (gender or otherwise). Although Uzbek {{clarify|date=April 2024|text=has no definite [[article (grammar)|articles]]|reason=second sentence of "Nouns" section says the definite article is the suffix ''-ni''}}, it has indefinite articles ''bir'' بِیر and ''bitta'' بِیتَّه. The word order is [[subject–object–verb]] (SOV).

In Uzbek, there are two main categories of words: nominals (equivalent to nouns, pronouns, adjectives and some adverbs) and verbals (equivalent to verbs and some adverbs).

=== Nouns ===
Plurals are formed by suffix ''-lar'' ـلر. Nouns take the ''-ni'' ـنی suffix as a definite article; unsuffixed nouns are understood as indefinite. The dative case ending ''-ga'' ـگه changes to ''-ka'' ـکه when the noun ends in ''-k'' ـک, ''-g'' ـگ, or ''-qa'' ـقه when the noun ends in ''-q'' ـق, ''-gʻ'' ـغ (notice ''*tog‘qa'' → ''toqqa'' تاغقَّه). The possessive suffixes change the final consonants ''-k'' ـک and ''-q'' ـق to voiced ''-g'' ـگ and ''-gʻ'' ـغ, respectively (''yurak'' → ''yura'''g'''im'' یورک - یورگیم).<ref>{{citation|url=https://slaviccenters.duke.edu/sites/slaviccenters.duke.edu/files/file-attachments/uzbek.original.pdf|title=Uzbek Language|first=Zumrad|last=Ahmedjanova|website=slaviccenters.duke.edu}}</ref> Unlike neighbouring [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] and [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] languages, due to the loss of "pronominal ''-n-''" there is no irregularity in forming cases after possessive cases (''uyida'' اویی‌ده "in his/her/its house", as opposed to Turkmen ''öýü'''n'''de'' اویونده, though saying ''uyi'''n'''da'' اویینده is also correct but such style is mainly used in literary contexts).<ref name="CEOLOFTW">{{cite book|title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC&pg=PA1146|first1=Lars|last1=Johanson|first2=Keith|last2=Brown|first3=Sarah|last3=Ogilvie|publisher=Elsevier|date=2009|isbn=978-0-08-087774-7|pages=1145–1148}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Cases
|-
! Case
! Suffix
! Example
|-
| [[Nominative case|nominative]]
| ''-∅''
| {{interlinear|lang=uz|uy}} اوی<br />house
|-
| [[Genitive case|genitive]]
| ''-ning'' نینگ
| {{interlinear|lang=uz|uy'''ning'''}} اوی‌نینگ<br />house-GEN<br />of (the) house
|-
| [[Dative case|dative]]
| ''-ga'' گه
| {{interlinear|lang=uz|uy'''ga'''}} اوی‌گه<br />house-DAT<br />to the house
|-
| [[Definiteness|definite]] [[Accusative case|accusative]]
| ''-ni'' نی
| {{interlinear|lang=uz|uy'''ni'''}} اوی‌نی<br />house-DEF.ACC<br />the house
|-
| [[Locative case|locative]]
| ''-da'' ده
| {{interlinear|lang=uz|uy'''da'''}} اوی‌ده<br />house-LOC<br />in the house
|-
| [[Ablative case|ablative]]
| ''-dan'' دن
| {{interlinear|lang=uz|uy'''dan'''}} اوی‌دن<br />house-ABL<br />from the house
|-
| [[Instrumental case|instrumental (literary)]]
| ''-la'' له
| {{interlinear|lang=uz|uy'''la'''}} اوی‌له<br />house-INS<br />with the house
|-
| similative
| ''-day'', ''-dek'', ''-daqa'' دی، دیک، دقه
| {{interlinear|lang=uz|uy'''day'''/uy'''dek'''/uy'''daqa'''}} اوی‌دی، اوی‌دیک، اوی‌دقه<br>house-SIM<br />like (a) house
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Possessive cases
|-
! Possessor<br>number
! Singular
! Plural
|-
| 1st
| ''-(i)m'' ـم، ـیم
| ''-(i)miz'' ـمیز، ـیمیز
|-
| 2nd
| ''-(i)ng'' ـنگ، ـینگ
| ''-(i)ngiz'' ـنگیز، ـینگیز
|-
| 3rd
| colspan=2 | ''-(s)i'' ـی، ـسی
|}

=== Verbs ===
Uzbek verbs are also inflected for number and person of the subject, and it has more [[periphrasis|periphrases]]. Uzbek uses some of the inflectional (simple) verbal tenses:<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Uzbek Tense Aspect Modality System {{!}} PDF {{!}} Grammatical Tense {{!}} Perfect (Grammar) |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/52179113/The-Uzbek-tense-aspect-modality-system |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=Scribd |language=en}}</ref>
:{| class="wikitable"
|+ Non-finite tense suffixes
! Function
! Suffix
! Example
|-
! [[Infinitive]]
| ''-moq'' ـماق
| {{interlinear|lang=uz|koʻr'''moq'''}} کورْماق<br>to see
|}
:{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+ Finite tense suffixes
! Function
! Suffix
! Example
|-
! [[Present tense|Present-]][[future tense|future]]
| ''-a/-y'' ـَه، ـَه‌ی
| {{interlinear|lang=uz|koʻr'''a'''}} کورَه<br>see/will see
|-
! Focal present
| ''-yap'' ـیَپ
| {{interlinear|lang=uz|koʻr'''yap'''}} کورْیَپ<br>(currently) seeing
|-
! Momentary present
| ''-yotir'' ـیاتِیر{{Refn|group=decimal|Cognate with [[Turkish language|Turkish]] present continuous suffix {{nowrap|-(i)yor}} ـِیار<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5m6mNKXzF1IC&dq=turkic+uzbek+cognate&pg=PA384|title=Intransitive Predication|page=384|isbn=978-0-19-823693-1 |last1=Stassen |first1=Leon |date=4 October 1997 |publisher=Clarendon Press }}</ref>}}
| {{interlinear|lang=uz|koʻr'''yotir'''}} کورْیاتِیر<br>seeing (at the moment)
|-
! Progressive present 
| ''-moqda'' ـماقْدَه
| {{interlinear|lang=uz|koʻr'''moqda'''}} کورْماقْدَه<br>am seeing
|-
! [[Present perfect]]
| ''-gan'' ـگَن
| {{interlinear|lang=uz|koʻr'''gan'''}} کورْگَن<br>have seen
|-
! [[Simple past]]
| ''-di'' ـدِی
| {{interlinear|lang=uz|koʻr'''di'''}} کورْدِی<br>saw
|-
! Indirective past
| ''-ib'' ـِیب
| {{interlinear|lang=uz|koʻr'''ib''' keldi}} کورِیب کیلْدِی<br>came (to see)
|-
! Definite future
| ''-(y)ajak'' ـَه‌جَک، ـیَه‌جَک{{refn|group=decimal|This suffix is likely a borrowing from [[Ottoman Turkish]],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YB1UWaDMCKcC&dq=old+turkic+verb+stem&pg=PA138|title=Turkic-Iranian Contact Areas|page=138|isbn=9783447052764 |last1=Johanson |first1=Lars |last2=Bulut |first2=Christiane |date=14 August 2023 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag }}</ref> but is usually used as a noun gerund}}
| {{interlinear|lang=uz|koʻr'''ajak'''}}  کورَه‌جَک<br>will see (at a defined point in the future)
|-
! Obligatory future
| ''-adigan''/''ydigan'' ـَه‌دِیگَن، ـیْدِیگَن
| {{interlinear|lang=uz|koʻr'''adigan'''}} کورَه‌دِیگَن<br>(shall) see
|-
! [[Conditional mood|Conditional]]
| ''-sa'' ـسَه
| {{interlinear|lang=uz|koʻr'''sa'''}} کورْسَه<br>if (it) sees
|-
! Intentional
| ''-moqchi'' ـماقْچِی
| {{interlinear|lang=uz|koʻr'''moqchi'''}} کورْماقْچِی<br>(want to) see
|-
! [[Imperative mood|Imperative]]
| ''-(a)y (men)'' ـَه‌ی (مین)

''-(a)ylik (biz)'' ـَه‌یْلِیک (بِیز)

''-∅ (sen)'' ـ (سین)

''-(i)ng (siz)'' ـِینْگ (سِیز)

''-(i)nglar (sizlar)'' ـِینْگْلَر (سِیزْلَر)

''-sin (u)'' ـسِین (اُو)

''-sinlar (ular)'' ـسِینْلَر (اُولَر)
| {{interlinear|lang=uz|koʻr'''ay'''!|}} کورَه‌ی<br />(1st person singular)
<br />{{interlinear|lang=uz|koʻr'''aylik'''!}} کورَه‌یْلِیک<br />(1st person plural)
<br />{{interlinear|lang=uz|'''koʻr'''!}} کور<br />(2nd person informal singular)
<br />{{interlinear|lang=uz|koʻr'''ing'''!}} کورِینْگ<br />(2nd person formal singular/plural)
<br />{{interlinear|lang=uz|koʻr'''inglar'''!}} کورِینْگْلَر<br />(2nd person formal plural)
<br />{{interlinear|lang=uz|koʻr'''sin'''!}} کورْسِین<br />(3rd person singular)
<br />{{interlinear|lang=uz|koʻr'''sinlar'''!}} کورْسِینْلَر<br />(3rd person plural)
|}
{{reflist|group=decimal}}

====Notes====
Vowels marked with parentheses in the suffixes are dropped if the verb root already ends on a vowel. (e.g. ''Qara'' قَرَه‌ + ''(i)ng'' ـِینْگ = ''Qarang!'' قَرَه‌نْگ; ''"Look!"'')

Third person plural is commonly replaced by third person singular.

In the simple past and conditional tenses, the possessive suffixes are used at the end of the verb. Otherwise, the full pronoun suffix is used, except in the imperative. The third person is usually not marked.

===Copula verb===
Conjugations of the verb ''ermoq'' (to be) with regard to tenses (except for future tense), serve as copula verbs. Future conjugation of ermoq, (Old Turkic ergäy) is not present in Uzbek.

===Negation===
Negative is expressed by adding ''-ma'' after the verb root, or with auxiliary verb ''emas''.
Examples:

''Koʻrmay(man)'' کورمه‌ی(من) "(I) don't see"

''Koʻrmoqchi emas(man)'' کورماقچی ایمس(من) "(I) don't want to see"

The particle ''yoʻq'' ـیوق is used to mark the absence or prohibition of a noun or action.

===Gerund===
The gerund is formed with the verb root + ''ish'' ـیش.

''Chekish mumkin emas'' چیکیش ممکن ایمس "Smoking is not allowed"

=== Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Pronoun
! Suffix
! Translation
|-
| ''men'' مین
| ''-man'' ـمن
| I
|-
| ''biz'' بیز
| ''-miz'' ـمیز
| we
|-
| ''sen'' سین
|| ''-san'' ـسن
| you<br><small>(formal singular and informal singular without respect)</small>
|-
| ''senlar'' سین‌لر
| ''-sanlar'' سن‌لر
| you<br><small>(informal plural without respect)</small>
|-
| ''siz'' سیز
| ''-siz'' ـسیز
| you<br><small>(formal plural and informal singular with respect)</small>
|-
| ''sizlar'' سیزلر
| ''-sizlar'' ـسیزلر
| you<br><small>(informal plural with respect)</small>
|-
| ''u'' او
| ''-∅'' ـ
| he/she/it
|-
| ''ular'' اولر
|| ''-lar'' ـلر
| they
|}

=== Word order ===
The word order in the Uzbek language is [[subject–object–verb]] (SOV), like all other Turkic languages. Unlike in English, the object comes before the verb and the verb is the last element of the sentence.

{{interlinear|indent=4
|Men kitobni koʻrdim
|مین کتاب‌نی کوردیم
|1SG book-DO.SG.ACC see-PAST.IND.1SG
|I saw the book}}