Editing Urinary tract infection (section)

==Pathogenesis==
[[File:Bladder Infection.png|thumb|Bladder infection]]
The [[bacteria]] that cause urinary tract infections typically enter the bladder via the urethra. However, infection may also occur via the blood or [[lymph]].<ref name=Sal2011/> It is believed that the bacteria are usually transmitted to the urethra from the bowel, with females at greater risk due to their anatomy.<ref name=Sal2011/> After gaining entry to the bladder, ''E. Coli'' are able to attach to the bladder wall and form a [[biofilm]] that resists the body's immune response.<ref name=Sal2011/>

''Escherichia coli'' is the single most common microorganism, followed by ''Klebsiella'' and [[Proteus (bacterium)|''Proteus'' spp.]], to cause urinary tract infection. ''Klebsiella'' and ''Proteus'' spp., are frequently associated with stone disease. The presence of Gram positive bacteria such as ''Enterococcus'' and ''Staphylococcus'' is increased.<ref name="Jorge Gutierrez-Aceves 2012 p. 39">{{cite book | vauthors = Gutierrez-Aceves J | chapter = Preoperative Antibiotics and Prevention of Sepsis in Genitourinary Surgery | veditors = Smith AD, Badlani GH, Preminger GM, Kavoussi LR |title=Smith's Textbook of Endourology |date=2011 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |location=Hoboken, NJ |isbn=978-1-4443-4514-8 |edition=3rd | page = 39 }}</ref>

The increased resistance of urinary pathogens to [[quinolone antibiotic]]s has been reported worldwide and might be the consequence of overuse and misuse of quinolones.<ref name="Jorge Gutierrez-Aceves 2012 p. 39"/>