Editing Urinary system (section)

==History==
[[Kidney stones]] have been identified and recorded about as long as written historical records exist.<ref name="Tefekli2013">{{cite journal |last1=Tefekli |first1=Ahmet |last2=Cezayirli |first2=Fatin |title=The History of Urinary Stones: In Parallel with Civilization |journal=The Scientific World Journal |date=2013 |volume=2013 |page=423964 |doi=10.1155/2013/423964|pmid=24348156 |pmc=3856162 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The urinary tract including the ureters, as well as their function to drain urine from the kidneys, has been described by [[Galen]] in the second century AD.<ref name="Nahon2011">{{cite journal |last1=Nahon |first1=I |last2=Waddington |first2=G |last3=Dorey |first3=G |last4=Adams |first4=R |title=The history of urologic surgery: from reeds to robotics. |journal=Urologic Nursing |date=2011 |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=173–80 |doi=10.7257/1053-816X.2011.31.3.173 |pmid=21805756}}</ref>

The first to examine the ureter through an internal approach, called ureteroscopy, rather than surgery was [[Hampton Young]] in 1929.<ref name="Tefekli2013" /> This was improved on by [[VF Marshall]] who is the first published use of a flexible [[endoscope]] based on [[fiber optics]], which occurred in 1964.<ref name="Tefekli2013" /> The insertion of a drainage tube into the [[renal pelvis]], bypassing the ureters and urinary tract, called [[nephrostomy]], was first described in 1941. Such an approach differed greatly from the [[open surgery|open surgical]] approaches within the urinary system employed during the preceding two millennia.<ref name="Tefekli2013" />