Editing United Airlines Flight 93 (section)

==Crash==
[[File:Flight93Crash.jpg|thumb|right|Flight 93 crash site]]
[[File:End Of Serenity.jpg|thumb|Smoke plume seen rising from the crash site]]
At 10:03:11, near Indian Lake and [[Shanksville, Pennsylvania]], the plane crashed into a field near a reclaimed [[coal]] [[surface mining|strip mine]] known as the Diamond T. Mine owned by PBS Coals in [[Stonycreek Township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania|Stonycreek Township]] in [[Somerset County, Pennsylvania|Somerset County]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Slevin |first=Peter |title=Outside the Cockpit Door, a Fight to Save the Plane |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A10206-2004Jul23.html |date=July 24, 2004 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=August 24, 2008 |archive-date=August 10, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810115948/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A10206-2004Jul23.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The 757 had between {{convert|5,500|to|7,000|usgal|L impgal}} of fuel remaining, which exploded and released a fireball that scorched a nearby hemlock grove.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nps.gov/flni/learn/historyculture/flight93story.htm |title=Flight 93 Story – Flight 93 National Memorial (U.S. National Park Service)}}</ref> Far-flung debris that made up a third of the aircraft, including the cockpit, continued into the woods, demolishing trees on {{convert|163|acre}} owned by the Lambert family,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/08/31/1033059826/9-11-flight-93-crashed-on-my-land-i-went-back-to-the-sacred-ground-20-years-l |title=Part of Flight 93 Crashed on My Land. I Went Back to the Sacred Ground 20 Years Later : The NPR Politics Podcast |website=NPR.org}}</ref> and damaging the nearby residence of Barry Hoover.<ref name=Courage>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MXiFBAAAQBAJ&dq=barry+hoover+flight+93&pg=PA112 |isbn=978-1493014217 |title=Flight 93: The Story, the Aftermath, and the Legacy of American Courage on 9/11 |date=September 11, 2014 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield}}</ref> The rest of the aircraft buried itself in dirt that had been transported to the abandoned strip mine for reclamation efforts in the 1990s.<ref name=Courage /> The fuselage and wings shattered as they burrowed into the earth.<ref name=Courage/> One of the engines ultimately ended up in a catchment pond just {{convert|2000|ft|yd m}} away from the main impact site.

The [[National Transportation Safety Board]] reported that the flight impacted at {{convert|563|mph|kn m/s km/h|abbr=on}} at a forty-degree nose-down inverted [[Aircraft attitude|attitude]].<ref name="ntsb-fps"/> The impact left a crater {{convert|8|to|10|ft|m|spell=in}} deep and {{convert|30|to|50|ft|m|spell=in}} wide.<ref>{{cite web |title=None of us will ever forget |url=http://www.seattlepi.com/attack/38647_main12.shtml |date=September 12, 2001 |work=[[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]] |access-date=August 24, 2008 |archive-date=October 11, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011073837/http://www.seattlepi.com/attack/38647_main12.shtml |url-status=live}}</ref> The coroner ruled that everyone on board who was still alive at the time of the crash died instantly of blunt-force trauma.<ref>{{cite news |last=Roache |first=Lisa |title='Among the Heroes' is moving |url=https://www.deseret.com/2002/10/27/19685371/among-the-heroes-is-moving |access-date=July 25, 2021 |archive-date=June 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603082805/https://www.deseret.com/2002/10/27/19685371/among-the-heroes-is-moving |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Sara |first=Rimer |title=A Nation Challenged: The Pennsylvania Crash; 44 Victims Are Remembered, and Lauded |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0CE5D6143BF93BA2575AC0A9679C8B63 |date=September 18, 2001 |work=The New York Times |access-date=August 24, 2008}}</ref> Many media reports and eyewitness accounts said the time of the crash was 10:06 or 10:10;<ref>{{cite news |last=Silver |first=Jonathan D |title=What was the danger to city? Doomed United Flight 93 passed just south of Pittsburgh |url=http://www.post-gazette.com/headlines/20010913flightpathreg2p2.asp |work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |date=September 13, 2001 |access-date=August 24, 2008 |archive-date=January 3, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103085305/http://www.post-gazette.com/headlines/20010913flightpathreg2p2.asp |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A Bell Tolls In Shanksville |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/a-bell-tolls-in-shanksville/ |publisher=[[CBS News]] |date=September 11, 2002 |access-date=August 24, 2008 |archive-date=October 12, 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021012074635/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/09/04/september11/main520846.shtml |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2001/US/09/11/chronology.attack/ |title=September 11: Chronology of terror |date=September 12, 2001 |work=CNN |access-date=November 1, 2014 |archive-date=October 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008205042/http://edition.cnn.com/2001/US/09/11/chronology.attack/ |url-status=live}}</ref> an initial analysis of seismographic data in the area concluded that the crash occurred at 10:06,<ref>{{cite web |title=Seismic Observations during September 11, 2001, Terrorist Attack |url=http://www.mgs.md.gov/esic/publications/download/911pentagon.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030320090510/http://www.mgs.md.gov/esic/publications/download/911pentagon.pdf |archive-date=March 20, 2003 |last=Kim |first=Won-Young |author2=Baum, Gerald R. |year=2002 |publisher=Maryland Geological Survey, Maryland Department of Natural Resources |quote=... we positively identified seismic signals associated with United Airlines Flight{{spaces}}93 that crashed near Shanksville, Somerset County, Pennsylvania. The time of the plane crash was 10:06:05±5 (EDT).}}</ref> but the 9/11 Commission report states that this analysis was not definitive and was retracted.<ref>in footnote 168 to chapter 1 of the Report, {{cite web |title=The 9/11 Commission Report |author=Kean, Thomas H. |author2=National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States |url=http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report_Notes.htm |access-date=September 27, 2008 |publisher=National Archives and Records Administration |quote=... one of the study's principal authors now concedes that 'seismic data is not definitive for the impact of UA 93.' |archive-date=May 30, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530161252/http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report_Notes.htm |url-status=live}}, it states that the author of the seismographic study published a second study on July 5, 2004 retracting his earlier report, and confirmed it in an email to the Commission two days later.</ref> Other media outlets and the 9/11 Commission reported the time of impact as 10:03,<ref>{{cite news |last=Longman |first=Jere |title=Flight 93; Refusing To Give In Without A Fight |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/11/nationchallenged/11FLIG.html?ex=1184385600&en=a7fad17a5909a9aa&ei=5070 |date=September 11, 2002 |work=The New York Times |access-date=August 24, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423192701/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/11/nationchallenged/11FLIG.html?ex=1184385600&en=a7fad17a5909a9aa&ei=5070 <!-- bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=April 23, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Lowry |first=Patricia |url=http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/05193/536347.stm |title=Memorial in the making: Five Flight 93 designs evolve in subtle ways |work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |date=July 12, 2005 |access-date=August 24, 2008 |archive-date=October 18, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018215728/http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/05193/536347.stm |url-status=live}}</ref> based on when the flight recorders stopped, analysis of radar data, infrared satellite data, and air traffic control transmissions.<ref name="Chap1"/>
[[File:UA93 fuselage debris.jpg|thumb|left|A piece of the fuselage]]

The only known witness to the actual crash, and the last one to see United 93 airborne, was Stoney Creek resident Nevin Lambert, who reported that he saw the plane upside down as it crashed to the ground in a 45 degree-angled nosedive.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/2011/09/06/eyewitness-reflects-on-flight-93-crash/ |title=Eyewitness Reflects On Flight 93 Crash |publisher=[[KDKA-TV]] |date=September 6, 2011 |access-date=June 7, 2021 |archive-date=September 13, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913062846/https://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/2011/09/06/eyewitness-reflects-on-flight-93-crash/}}</ref> Kelly Leverknight, a local resident, was watching news of the attacks when she heard the plane. "I heard the plane going over and I went out the front door and I saw the plane going down. It was headed toward the school, which panicked me, because all three of my kids were there. Then you heard the explosion and felt the blast and saw the fire and smoke."<ref>{{cite news |last=Gibbs |first=Nancy |title=The Day of the Attack |url=http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,174655-4,00.html |date=September 12, 2001 |work=[[Time Magazine]] |access-date=August 15, 2018 |archive-date=September 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911040835/https://www.facebook.com/plugins/like.php?app_id=53177223193&channel=https%3A%2F%2Fstaticxx.facebook.com%2Fx%2Fconnect%2Fxd_arbiter%2F%3Fversion%3D46%23cb%3Df2ae72c79538cd4%26domain%3Dcontent.time.com%26is_canvas%3Dfalse%26origin%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fcontent.time.com%252Ff38c49e6452195%26relation%3Dparent.parent&container_width=110&href=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fnation%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C174655%2C00.html&layout=button_count&locale=en_US&sdk=joey&send=false&show_faces=false&width=90 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Zapinski |first=Ken |title=A blur in the sky, then a firestorm |url=http://www.sptimes.com/News/091201/Worldandnation/A_blur_in_the_sky__th.shtml |date=September 12, 2001 |work=[[St. Petersburg Times]] |access-date=August 24, 2008 |archive-date=August 18, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100818023822/http://www.sptimes.com/News/091201/Worldandnation/A_blur_in_the_sky__th.shtml |url-status=live}}</ref> Another witness, Eric Peterson, looked up when he heard the plane, "It was low enough, I thought you could probably count the rivets. You could see more of the roof of the plane than you could the belly. It was on its side. There was a great explosion and you could see the flames. It was a massive, massive explosion. Flames and then smoke and then a massive, massive [[mushroom cloud]]."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sweeney |first1=James F |first2=Diane |last2=Solov |first3=Rich |last3=Exner |title=Pennsylvania crash carries horror into small towns |url=http://www.cleveland.com/terrorism/index.ssf?/terrorism/more/100028703529429109.html |work=[[The Plain Dealer]] |date=September 12, 2001 |access-date=August 24, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061118135044/http://www.cleveland.com/terrorism/index.ssf?%2Fterrorism%2Fmore%2F100028703529429109.html |archive-date=November 18, 2006 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>

Val McClatchey had been watching footage of the attacks when she heard the plane. She saw it briefly, then heard the impact. The crash knocked out the electricity and phones. McClatchey grabbed her camera and took the only known picture of the smoke cloud from the explosion.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hamill |first=Sean D |title=Picture Made on 9/11 Takes a Toll on Photographer |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/10/us/10cnd-shanksville.html?ref=us |date=September 10, 2007 |work=The New York Times |access-date=August 24, 2008 |archive-date=October 6, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006094613/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/10/us/10cnd-shanksville.html?ref=us |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Frederick |first=Robb |title=The day that changed America |url=http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/s_90823.html |work=[[Trib Total Media|Pittsburgh Tribune-Review]] |date=September 11, 2002 |access-date=August 24, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911011058/http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/s_90823.html |archive-date=September 11, 2008 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> In September 2011, shortly before the 10th anniversary of the attacks, a video of the rising smoke cloud filmed by Dave Berkebile (who had died the previous February) from his yard on Bluebird Lane, {{convert|5.8|mi|km}} away from the crash site, was published on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Johns |first=Arlene |title=Flight 93 Crash Site Video Surfaces |url=http://tribune-democrat.com/local/x1095936052/Flight-93-crash-site-video-surfaces |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120917140803/http://tribune-democrat.com/local/x1095936052/Flight-93-crash-site-video-surfaces |archive-date=September 17, 2012 |date=September 3, 2011 |access-date=September 6, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Memmott |first=Mark |title=Newly Revealed Video Shows Smoke Rising From Flight 93 |url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2011/09/06/140226017/newly-revealed-video-shows-smoke-rising-from-flight-93 |date=September 6, 2011 |access-date=September 6, 2011 |archive-date=September 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911040829/https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2011/09/06/140226017/newly-revealed-video-shows-smoke-rising-from-flight-93 |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:UA93 livery debris.jpg|thumb|right|Debris of Flight{{spaces}}93 found at crash site. The United Airlines "Battleship Gray" livery used on the aircraft is visible.]]

The first responders arrived at the crash site after 10:06.<ref name="HG"/> Cleveland Center controllers, unaware the flight had crashed, notified the [[Northeast Air Defense Sector]] (NEADS) at 10:07 that Flight{{spaces}}93 had a bomb on board and passed the last known position. This call was the first time the military was notified about the flight. Ballinger sent one final ACARS message to Flight{{spaces}}93 at 10:10, "Don't divert to DC. Not an option." He repeated the message one minute later. The Herndon Command Center alerted FAA headquarters that Flight{{spaces}}93 had crashed at 10:13.<ref name="9/11Commission"/> NEADS called the [[Washington Air Route Traffic Control Center]] for an update on Flight{{spaces}}93 and received notification that the flight had crashed.<ref>{{cite episode |title=Zero Hour |series=Inside 9/11 |series-link=Inside 9/11 |airdate=2005-09-23 |credits=Producers: Colette Beaudry and Michael Cascio |network=[[National Geographic Channel]]}}</ref>

At 10:37, [[CNN]] correspondent [[Aaron Brown (journalist)|Aaron Brown]], covering the [[collapse of the World Trade Center]], announced, "We are getting reports and we are getting lots of reports and we want to be careful to tell you when we have confirmed them and not, but we have a report that a 747 is down in Pennsylvania, and that remains unconfirmed at this point."<ref>{{cite news |title=Transcripts – America Under Attack |url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0109/11/bn.04.html |date=September 11, 2001 |work=CNN |access-date=June 29, 2008 |archive-date=September 28, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928013914/http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0109/11/bn.04.html |url-status=live}}</ref> He followed that up at 10:49 by reporting "We have a report now that a large plane crashed this morning, north of the Somerset County Airport, which is in western Pennsylvania, not too terribly far from Pittsburgh, about {{convert|80|mi|km}} or so, a Boeing 767 jet. Don't know whose airline it was, whose airplane it was, and we don't have any details beyond that which I have just given you."<!-- transcript cites 10:45, actual air time was 10:49; see https://archive.org/details/cnn200109111011-1053 --> In the confusion, he also erroneously reported a second hijacked plane heading for the Pentagon after the crash of the first.<ref name="CNN2">{{cite news |title=Transcripts – America Under Attack |url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0109/11/bn.08.html |date=September 11, 2001 |work=CNN |access-date=June 29, 2008 |archive-date=September 28, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928013932/http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0109/11/bn.08.html |url-status=live}}</ref>