Editing Unitarianism (section)

== Modern Christian Unitarian organizations ==
{{Main|History of Unitarianism}}
[[File:1st-Unitarian.jpg|thumb|[[First Unitarian Society of Madison|First Unitarian Meeting House]] in [[Madison, Wisconsin]], designed by Unitarian [[Frank Lloyd Wright]]]]
This section relates to Unitarian churches and organizations today which are still specifically Christian, whether within or outside Unitarian Universalism. Unitarian Universalism, conversely, refers to the embracing of non-Christian religions.

=== International groups ===
{{See also|International Council of Unitarians and Universalists}}
Some Unitarian Christian groups are affiliated with the [[International Council of Unitarians and Universalists]] (ICUU), founded in 1995.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101001122144/http://icuu.net/about/History/history.html A Brief History] on archived ICUU website. Retrieved 15 January 2020</ref> The ICUU has "full member" groups in Australia, New Zealand, United Kingdom, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, EUU, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Indonesia, India, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Poland,<ref>[https://icuu.net/2019/04/15/unitarians-poland-now/ Unitarians in Poland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115122454/https://icuu.net/2019/04/15/unitarians-poland-now/ |date=2020-01-15 }} on official website, 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2020</ref> Romania, South Africa, Spain. Sri Lanka and the United States. Brazil is a Provisional Member.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090828104243/http://www.icuu.net/membergroups/index.html Member Groups]  on archived ICUU website. Retrieved 15 January 2020</ref>

The ICUU includes small "Associate Groups", including Congregazione Italiana Cristiano Unitariana, [[Turin]] (founded in 2004)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081206111942/http://www.icuu.net/membergroups/Emerging/Italy.html Italy – Emerging Group] on archived ICUU website. Retrieved 15 January 2020</ref><ref>{{citation | url = http://www.cesnur.org/religioni_italia/p/prot_radicale_04.htm | language = it | title = Protestanti radicale | first = Rev. Roberto | last = Rosso | publisher = Cesnur | access-date = 2010-06-12 | archive-date = 2009-10-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091014163124/http://www.cesnur.org/religioni_italia/p/prot_radicale_04.htm | url-status = live }}</ref> and the Bét Dávid Unitarian Association, [[Oslo]] (founded 2005).<ref>{{citation |url=http://unitarforbundet.org/ |title=Unitarforbundet Bét Dávid (Den norske unitarkirke) |language=no |access-date=2010-06-12 |archive-date=2009-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422054210/http://www.unitarforbundet.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Transylvania===
[[File:derzs1.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Dârjiu fortified church]], a 13th-century fortified church belonging to the [[Unitarian Church of Transylvania]]. This is the only Unitarian fortified church in Transylvania which is on the [[UNESCO]]'s [[World Heritage List]].]]
The largest Unitarian denomination worldwide today is also the oldest Unitarian denomination (since 1565, first use of the term "Unitarian" 1600):<ref>a the [[Diet of Lécfalva]] 1600, in Gordon A. ''Heads of Unitarian History''</ref> the [[Unitarian Church of Transylvania]] (in [[Romania]], which is in union with the Unitarian Church in Hungary). The church in Transylvania still looks to the statement of faith, the ''[[Summa Universae Theologiae Christianae secundum Unitarios]]'' (1787), though today assent to this is not required. The modern [[Unitarian Church in Hungary]] (25,000 members) and the [[Transylvanian Unitarian Church]] (75,000 members) are affiliated with the International Council of Unitarians and Universalists (ICUU) and claim continuity with the historical Unitarian Christian tradition established by [[Ferenc Dávid]] in 1565 in [[Transylvania]] under [[John II Sigismund Zápolya]]. The Unitarian churches in Hungary and Transylvania are structured and organized along a church hierarchy that includes the election by the synod of a national bishop who serves as superintendent of the Church. Many Hungarian Unitarians embrace the principles of rationalist Unitarianism.<ref>{{citation | first = David | last = Keyes | title = Most Like An Arch |year = 1999 |page = 106 |quote = And for those [UUs] who take the time to understand Transylvanian Unitarian beliefs, there may be some surprising discoveries to be made. They are humanists! Their Unitarian Christianity is steeped in rationalism, is heavily influenced by judaism}}</ref> Unitarian high schools exist only in Transylvania (Romania), including the [[John Sigismund Unitarian Academy]] in [[Cluj-Napoca]], the [[Protestant Theological Institute of Cluj]], and the Berde Mózes Unitárius Gimnázium in [[Cristuru Secuiesc]]; both teach Rationalist Unitarianism.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}

=== United Kingdom ===
[[File:Unitarian chapel newington green.jpg|thumb|[[Newington Green Unitarian Church]] in London, England. Built in 1708, this is the oldest [[Nonconformist (Protestantism)|nonconformist]] church in London still in use.]]
The [[Unitarian Christian Association]] (UCA) was founded in the United Kingdom in 1991 by Rev. [[Lancelot Garrard]] (1904–1993)<ref>{{Cite journal |publisher=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-the-rev-lancelot-garrard-1479893.html |title=Obituary |first=Tony |last=Cross |journal=Science |date=1993-01-21 |volume=70 |issue=1803 |pages=58–60 |doi=10.1126/science.70.1803.58 |pmid=17755824 |access-date=2017-11-01 |archive-date=2018-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924133843/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-the-rev-lancelot-garrard-1479893.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> and others to promote specifically Christian ideas within the [[General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches]] (GAUFCC), the national Unitarian body in the UK. Just as the UUCF and ICUU maintain formal links with the [[Unitarian Universalist Association]] in the US, so the UCA is an affiliate body of the GAUFCC in the UK.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}

The majority of Unitarian Christian publications are sponsored by an organization and published specifically for their membership. Generally, they do not serve as a tool for missionary work or encouraging conversions.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}

===India===
In India, three different schools of Unitarian thought influenced varying movements, including the [[Brahmo Samaj]], the Unitarian Church of the [[Khasi Hills]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Unitarianism-in-Khasi-Jaintia-Hills-A-unique-movement/articleshow/16454581.cms?referral=PM|title=Unitarianism in Khasi-Jaintia Hills: A unique movement|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-09-26|archive-date=2018-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031161134/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Unitarianism-in-Khasi-Jaintia-Hills-A-unique-movement/articleshow/16454581.cms?referral=PM|url-status=live}}</ref> and the Unitarian Christian Church of [[Chennai]], in Madras, founded in 1795.<ref>{{cite web|title=Our Partner Church in India|url=http://www.edinburgh-unitarians.org.uk/our-partner-church-in-india|access-date=2021-02-27|website=Unitarians in Edinburgh|archive-date=2019-08-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822122439/http://www.edinburgh-unitarians.org.uk/our-partner-church-in-india|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2011, "Thirty-five congregations and eight fellowships comprising almost 10,000 Unitarians now form the Unitarian Union of North East India."<ref>{{cite web|last=Jane|first=Greer|date=21 February 2011|title=Morales visits Unitarians and humanitarian partners in India|url=https://www.uuworld.org/articles/morales-visits-india|access-date=27 February 2021|website=UU World|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411211019/https://www.uuworld.org/articles/morales-visits-india|url-status=live}}</ref>

===United States===

The American Unitarian Conference (AUC) was formed in 2000 and stands between UUA and ICUU in attachment to the Christian element of modern Unitarianism. The American Unitarian Conference is open to non-Christian Unitarians, being particularly popular with non-Christian [[theists]] and [[deists]].<ref>The Connection of Deism to American Unitarianism – Nathan De May</ref> As of 2009, The AUC has three congregations in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.americanunitarian.org/AUCCongregations.htm |title=AUC Congregations |publisher=americanunitarian.org |access-date=October 27, 2019 |archive-date=October 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021084244/http://www.americanunitarian.org/AUCCongregations.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Unitarian Christian Ministries International was a Unitarian ministry incorporated in South Carolina until its dissolution in 2013 when it merged with the Unitarian Christian Emerging Church. The Unitarian Christian Emerging Church has recently undergone reorganization and today is known as the Unitarian Christian Church of America. In addition, the Unitarian Universalist Faith Alliance and Ministries follow a Progressive Christian format honoring Sacred Space and Creation Spirituality.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unitarianministries.com/ |title=Unitarian Christian Emerging Church ... a 21st century spiritual community, and faith ministry – Home |publisher=Unitarianministries.com |access-date=April 19, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529072310/http://unitarianministries.com/ |archive-date=2012-05-29 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The Unitarian Christian Church of America (UCCA) was formed on 1 October 2016 through the merging of the Unitarian Christian Emerging Church and the Unitarian Christian Conference. The church's current ministry in on-line and through local fellowship gatherings. The current senior pastor and current president of the UCCA is the Reverend Dr. Shannon Rogers. The UCCA has both ordained and lay members.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://unitarianchristians.org/ | title=Welcome to the Unitarian Christian Church of America | website=unitarianchristians.org | access-date=2024-07-24}}</ref>

=== Australia and New Zealand ===
{{Further|Australia and New Zealand Unitarian Universalist Association}}

The first Unitarian Church in Australia was built in 1854 in Melbourne and was followed soon afterwards by chapels in Sydney and Adelaide, and later regional centres including Ballarat.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lee |first=E.R. |title=A Brief History of the Unitarian Christian Church Melbourne |publisher=Privately Printed |year=1926}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ronalds |first=B.F. |title=Alfred Ronalds: Angler, Artisan and Australian Pioneer |publisher=Medlar Press |year=2022}}</ref> The modern church, no longer unitarian Christian, retains properties in Adelaide, Sydney and Melbourne, and smaller congregations elsewhere in Australia and New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/rn/talks/8.30/relrpt/stories/s1135435.htm|title=Stephen Crittenden: The President of the Unitarian church in Sydney, Peter Crawford, speaking to John Russell.|website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100418231729/http://www.abc.net.au/rn/talks/8.30/relrpt/stories/s1135435.htm|archive-date=2010-04-18}}</ref>

=== South Africa ===
The Unitarian movement in South Africa was founded in 1867 by [[David Faure]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/19562/De_Grunchy__JW__0869819437__Section4.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y|title=Radical religion and civil society: The Unitarians of South Africa|author=Heller-Wagner, E.|publisher=University of South Africa|access-date=2018-10-09|archive-date=2018-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517032443/http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/19562/De_Grunchy__JW__0869819437__Section4.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y|url-status=live}}</ref> member of a well-known Cape family. He encountered advanced liberal religious thought while completing his studies at the [[University of Leiden]] in the [[Netherlands]] for the ministry of the [[Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa|Dutch Reformed Church]] in [[Cape Town]].

=== Ireland ===
There are two active [[Unitarian Church in Ireland|Unitarian churches]] in Ireland, one in Dublin and the other in Cork.  Both are member churches of the [[Non-subscribing Presbyterian Church of Ireland]].

=== Denmark ===

Unitarianism was a latecomer to Denmark. Some of the inspiration came from Norway and England – family members of the founders, and the wife of Edward Grieg. 1900–1918 the society priest was Uffe Birkedal, who had previously been a Lutheran priest. He held the first worship 18 February 1900. A founding general assembly 18 May 1900 elected Mary Bess Westenholz as the first chairman of the Society. The Society newsletter was named ''Protestantisk Tidende'' 1904–1993, and then renamed ''Unitaren'', reflecting a gradually changing perception of being part of the Danish Lutheran Church, to one where this was no longer assumed (<ref>{{Cite web | title=Unitarisk Kirkesamfund – Unitarian Church Society | url=http://www.unitarerne.dk/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703231837/http://www.unitarerne.dk/ | archive-date=2022-07-03 }}</ref>).

===Biblical Unitarians===
{{main|Biblical Unitarianism}}
[[Biblical Unitarianism]] identifies the [[Christianity#Beliefs|Christian belief]] that the [[Bible]] teaches that God the Father is [[Monotheism|one singular being]], and that [[Jesus Christ]] is a distinct being, his son, but not divine.<ref name="Tuggy 2020">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Tuggy |first=Dale |date=Winter 2020 |title=Trinity – Unitariansm |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/trinity/unitarianism.html#18t21sCenUni |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |editor-link=Edward N. Zalta |encyclopedia=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |publisher=The Metaphysics Research Lab, [[Center for the Study of Language and Information]], [[Stanford University]] |issn=1095-5054 |oclc=643092515 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311130654/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/trinity/unitarianism.html |archive-date=11 March 2017 |access-date=9 August 2021 |quote=There are presently a number of small Christian groups calling themselves “biblical unitarians” (or: Christian monotheists or one God believers) to distinguish themselves from late 19th to 21st century Unitarians and Unitarian Universalists. Their arguments draw on early modern unitarian sources, while eschewing some of the idiosyncrasies of [[Socinianism|Socinus's theology]] and most of the extra revisions of the [[Joseph Priestley|Priestley]]-derived stream of unitarians. Like late 18th to early 19th century unitarians, they argue at length that trinitarianism has no biblical foundation, and is inconsistent with its clear teachings. They also reject trinitarianism as contradictory or unintelligible, as involving [[Idolatry in the Bible|idolatry]], and as having been, as it were, illegally imported from [[Platonic philosophy]] [...]. On some issues they draw support from recent [[Biblical studies|biblical scholarship]], for example, the point that talk of “generation” and “procession” in the [[Gospel of John]] doesn't support later claims about inter-trinitarian relations [...]. Although this literature points out real tensions within contemporary theology (between text-oriented commentators and systematic theologians) it is widely ignored in academic theology and philosophy, and its adherents are generally excluded from the institutions of [[mainstream Christianity]].}}</ref> [[Biblical Unitarianism#Denominations|A few denominations]] use this term to describe themselves, clarifying the distinction between them and those churches which, from the late 19th century, evolved into [[General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches|modern British Unitarianism]] and, primarily in the United States, [[Unitarian Universalism]].<ref name="Tuggy 2020"/> In 16th-century Italy, Biblical Unitarianism was powered by the ideas of the Non-trinitarian theologians [[Lelio Sozzini|Lelio]] and [[Fausto Sozzini]], founders of [[Socinianism]];<ref name="Mortimer 2010">{{cite book |last=Mortimer |first=Sarah |year=2010 |title=Reason and Religion in the English Revolution: The Challenge of Socinianism |chapter=The Socinian Challenge to Protestant Christianity |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fYeP_htzw14C&pg=PA13 |location=[[Cambridge]] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |series=Cambridge Studies in Early Modern British History |pages=13–38 |isbn=978-0-521-51704-1 |lccn=2010000384 |access-date=2021-08-09 |archive-date=2023-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928230522/https://books.google.com/books?id=fYeP_htzw14C&pg=PA13#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> their doctrine was embraced and further developed by the [[Unitarian Church of Transylvania]] during the 16th and 17th centuries.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wilbur |first=Earl Morse |author-link=Earl Morse Wilbur |year=1952 |orig-date=1945 |title=A History of Unitarianism: In Transylvania, England, and America |chapter=The Unitarian Church under Calvinist Princes: 1604–1691 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G5U9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA121 |location=[[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |volume=2 |pages=121–122 |access-date=2021-08-09 |archive-date=2023-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928230522/https://books.google.com/books?id=G5U9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA121#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Today, it's represented by the churches associated with the [[Christian Church in Italy]].<ref>cf. {{cite web |url=http://www.chiesadifrosinone.it/cosa_crediamo.html |title=Christian Church in Italy beliefs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028161300/http://www.chiesadifrosinone.it/cosa_crediamo.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-10-28 }}</ref>