Editing Turkish language (section)

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes of Standard Turkish<ref name=zimmerorgun>{{Cite book|last1=Zimmer|first1=Karl|last2=Orgun|first2=Orhan|year=1999|chapter=Turkish|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-65236-7|pages=154–158|chapter-url=http://www.uta.edu/faculty/cmfitz/swnal/projects/CoLang/courses/Transcription/rosettaproject_tur_phon-2.pdf|access-date=2015-04-12|archive-date=2018-07-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725111322/http://www.uta.edu/faculty/cmfitz/swnal/projects/CoLang/courses/Transcription/rosettaproject_tur_phon-2.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br>[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>alveolar]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA link|n̪|n}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Stop consonant|Stop]]
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| {{IPA link|p}}
| {{IPA link|t̪|t}}
| {{IPA link|t͡ʃ}}
| ({{IPA link|c}})
| {{IPA link|k}}
|
|-
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
| {{IPA link|b}}
| {{IPA link|d̪|d}}
| {{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}
| ({{IPA link|ɟ}})
| {{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| {{IPA link|f}}
| {{IPA link|s̪|s}}
| {{IPA link|ʃ}}
|
| 
|{{IPA link|h}}
|-
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|v}}
| {{IPA link|z̪|z}}
| {{IPA link|ʒ}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| ({{IPA link|ɫ̪|ɫ}})
| {{IPA link|l̠|l}}
| {{IPA link|j}}
| ({{IPA link|ɰ}})
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Tap consonant|Tap]]
|
| {{IPA link|ɾ|ɾ}}
|
|
|
|
|}

At least one source claims Turkish consonants are laryngeally-specified three-way fortis-lenis (aspirated/neutral/voiced) like Armenian, although only syllable-finally.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Petrova |first1=Olga |last2=Plapp |first2=Rosemary |last3=Ringen |first3=Catherine |last4=Szentgyörgyi |first4=Szilárd |date=2006 |title=Voice and aspiration: Evidence from Russian, Hungarian, German, Swedish, and Turkish |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7a27/5c57dd25134aa7628c46a64ca470cc3a71db.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908054256/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7a27/5c57dd25134aa7628c46a64ca470cc3a71db.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2018-09-08 |journal=The Linguistic Review |language=en |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=1–35 |doi=10.1515/tlr.2006.001 |s2cid=42712078 |issn=0167-6318}}</ref>

The phoneme that is usually referred to as ''yumuşak g'' ("soft g"), written {{angbr|ğ}} in Turkish [[orthography]], represents a vowel sequence or a rather weak bilabial approximant between rounded vowels, a weak palatal approximant between unrounded front vowels, and a vowel sequence elsewhere. It never occurs at the beginning of a word or a syllable, but always follows a vowel. When word-final or preceding another consonant, it lengthens the preceding vowel.<ref name=zimmerorgun/>

In native Turkic words, the sounds {{IPA|[c]}}, {{IPA|[ɟ]}}, and {{IPA|[l]}} are mainly in [[complementary distribution]] with {{IPA|[k]}}, {{IPA|[ɡ]}}, and {{IPA|[ɫ]}}; the former set occurs adjacent to front vowels and the latter adjacent to back vowels. The distribution of these [[phoneme]]s is often unpredictable, however, in foreign borrowings and proper nouns. In such words, {{IPA|[c]}}, {{IPA|[ɟ]}}, and {{IPA|[l]}} often occur with back vowels:<ref name=lewis2001/>{{rp|93–4,6}} some [[#Writing system|examples]] are given below. However, there are [[minimal pair]]s that distinguish between these sounds, such as kar [kɑɾ] "snow" vs kâr [cɑɾ] "profit".

==== Consonant devoicing ====
{{Main|Final-obstruent devoicing}}
Turkish orthography reflects [[final-obstruent devoicing]], a form of [[consonant mutation]] whereby a voiced obstruent, such as {{IPA|/b d dʒ ɡ/}}, is devoiced to {{IPA|[p t tʃ k]}} at the end of a word or before a consonant, but retains its voicing before a vowel. In loan words, the voiced equivalent of /k/ is /g/; in native words, it is /ğ/.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imla.dilimiz.com/TDK/unsuzlerinnitelikleri.HTM|title=Sesler ve ses uyumları "Sounds and Vovel karmony"|access-date=2013-01-13|publisher=[[Turkish Language Association]]|language=tr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728093237/http://www.imla.dilimiz.com/TDK/unsuzlerinnitelikleri.HTM|archive-date=2012-07-28|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Turkish Consonant Mutation|url=http://turkishbasics.com/grammar/consonant-mutation.php|website=turkishbasics.com|language=EN|access-date=2018-05-02|archive-date=2018-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502213456/http://turkishbasics.com/grammar/consonant-mutation.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|+ Obstruent devoicing in nouns
|-
!Underlying <br/>consonant
!Devoiced <br/>form
!Underlying <br/>form
!Dictionary form
!Dative case /<br/>1sg present
!Meaning
|-
|b||p||''*kitab''||''kitap''||''kitaba''||book (loan)
|-
|c||ç|| ''*uc'' || ''uç''||''uca''||tip
|-
|d||t||''*bud''||''but''||''buda''||thigh
|-
|g||k||''*reng''||''renk''||''renge''||color (loan)
|-
|ğ||k||''*ekmeğ''||''ekmek''||''ekmeğe''||bread
|}

This is analogous to languages such as [[German language|German]] and [[Russian language|Russian]], but in the case of Turkish it only applies, as the above examples demonstrate, to stops and affricates, not to fricatives. The spelling is usually made to match the sound. However, in a few cases, such as ''ad'' 'name' (dative ''ada''), the underlying form is retained in the spelling (cf. ''at'' 'horse', dative ''ata''). Other exceptions are ''od'' 'fire' vs. ''ot'' 'herb', ''sac'' 'sheet metal', ''saç'' 'hair'. Most loanwords, such as ''kitap'' above, are spelled as pronounced, but a few such as ''hac'' 'hajj', ''şad'' 'happy', and ''yad'' 'strange' or 'stranger' also show their underlying forms.{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}

Native nouns of two or more syllables that end in /k/ in dictionary form are nearly all /ğ/ in underlying form. However, most verbs and monosyllabic nouns are underlyingly /k/.<ref name=lewis2001/>{{rp|10}}