Editing Tunisia (section)

=== Post-revolution (since 2011) ===
{{see also|Tunisian Revolution}}
[[File:Tunisia Unrest - VOA - Tunis 14 Jan 2011 (2).jpg|thumb|Tunis on 14 January 2011 during the [[Tunisian Revolution]]|242x242px|left]]
The Tunisian Revolution<ref>{{cite web|author=[[Yasmine Ryan]] |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/features/2011/01/2011126121815985483.html |title=How Tunisia's revolution began |publisher=Al Jazeera English |date=26 January 2011 |access-date=13 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/01/15/133592.html |title=Wikileaks might have triggered Tunis' revolution |work=Alarabiya |date=15 January 2011|access-date=13 February 2011}}</ref> was an intensive campaign of [[civil resistance]] that was precipitated by high [[unemployment]], [[food inflation]], [[corruption]],<ref>{{Cite news|last=Spencer |first=Richard |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tunisia/8258077/Tunisia-riots-US-warns-Middle-East-to-reform-or-be-overthrown.html |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010045358/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tunisia/8258077/Tunisia-riots-Reform-or-be-overthrown-US-tells-Arab-states-amid-fresh-riots.html |archive-date=10 October 2017 |title=Tunisia riots: Reform or be overthrown, US tells Arab states amid fresh riots |work=The Telegraph|date= 13 January 2011|access-date=14 January 2011 |location=London}}</ref> a lack of [[freedom of speech]] and other [[political freedom]]s<ref>{{cite web|last=Ryan|first=Yasmine |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/features/2011/01/20111614145839362.html |title=Tunisia's bitter cyberwar |work=Al Jazeera English |access-date=16 January 2011|date=14 January 2011}}</ref> and poor [[living conditions]]. Labour unions were said to be an integral part of the protests.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defenddemocracy.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=11792083&Itemid=347 |title=Trade unions: the revolutionary social network at play in Egypt and Tunisia |publisher=Defenddemocracy.org |access-date=11 February 2011}}</ref> The protests inspired the [[Arab Spring]], a wave of similar actions throughout the Arab world. The catalyst for mass demonstrations was the death of [[Mohamed Bouazizi]], a 26-year-old Tunisian street vendor, who set himself afire on 17 December 2010 in protest at the confiscation of his wares and the humiliation inflicted on him by a municipal official named [[Faida Hamdy]]. Anger and violence intensified following Bouazizi's death on 4 January 2011, ultimately leading longtime [[President of Tunisia|President]] [[Zine El Abidine Ben Ali]] to resign and flee the country on 14 January 2011, after 23 years in power.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The power and the people: paths of resistance in the Middle East|first=Charles|last=Tripp|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-80965-8|location=New York|oclc=780063882}}</ref>

Protests continued for banning of the ruling party and the eviction of all its members from the transitional government formed by [[Mohamed Ghannouchi|Mohammed Ghannouchi]]. Eventually the new government gave in to the demands. A Tunis court banned the ex-ruling party RCD and confiscated all its resources. A decree by the minister of the interior banned the "political police", special forces which were used to intimidate and persecute political activists.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/opinon/2011/01/137_80292.html |title=When fleeing Tunisia, don't forget the gold |newspaper=Korea Times |date=25 January 2011 |access-date=19 January 2013}}</ref>

On 3 March 2011, the interim president announced that [[Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, 2011|elections to a Constituent Assembly]] would be held on 24 July 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Interim President Announces Election of National Constituent Assembly on July 24|date=3 March 2011|work=Tunis Afrique Presse|via=ProQuest}}</ref> On 9 June 2011, the prime minister announced the election would be postponed until 23 October 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tunisian PM Announces October Date for Elections|date=9 June 2011|work=BBC Monitoring Middle East|via=ProQuest}}</ref> International and internal observers declared the vote free and fair. The [[Ennahda Movement]], formerly banned under the Ben Ali regime, came out of the election as the largest party, with 89 seats out of a total of 217.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tunisia Moves to the Next Stage|last1=El Amrani|first1=Issandr|last2=Lindsey|first2=Ursula|work=Middle East Report|publisher=[[Middle East Research and Information Project]]|date=8 November 2011|url=http://merip.org/mero/mero110811|access-date=1 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915101944/https://www.merip.org/mero/mero110811|archive-date=15 September 2018}}</ref> On 12 December 2011, former dissident and veteran human rights activist [[Moncef Marzouki]] was elected president.<ref>{{cite news|last=Zavis|first=Alexandra|title=Former dissident sworn in as Tunisia's president|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/world_now/2011/12/tunisia-president-moncef-marzouki.html|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=13 December 2011|date=13 December 2011}}</ref> In March 2012, Ennahda declared it will not support making sharia the main source of legislation in the new constitution, maintaining the secular nature of the state. Ennahda's stance on the issue was criticized by hardline Islamists, who wanted strict sharia, but was welcomed by secular parties.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tunisia's constitution will not be based on Sharia: Islamist party|date=27 March 2012|url=http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/03/27/203529.html|publisher=Al Arabiya|access-date=18 February 2013}}</ref> On 6 February 2013, [[Chokri Belaid]], the leader of the leftist opposition and prominent critic of Ennahda, was assassinated.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tunisian opposition leader Chokri Belaid shot dead outside his home|url=https://www.latimes.com/news/la-fg-wn-tunisian-leader-assassinated-20130206,0,4371497.story|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|access-date=18 February 2013|first=Jeffrey|last=Fleishman|date=6 February 2013}}</ref> In 2014, President [[Moncef Marzouki]] established Tunisia's [[Truth and Dignity Commission (Tunisia)|Truth and Dignity Commission]], as a key part of creating a national reconciliation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/presscenter/articles/2014/06/09/tunisia-launches-truth-and-dignity-commission.html|title=Tunisia launches Truth and Dignity Commission|website=UNDP|date=9 June 2014|access-date=22 December 2016|archive-date=1 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401030751/https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/presscenter/articles/2014/06/09/tunisia-launches-truth-and-dignity-commission.html}}</ref>

Tunisia was hit by two terror attacks on foreign tourists in 2015, [[Bardo National Museum attack|first killing 22 people]] at the [[Bardo National Museum (Tunis)|Bardo National Museum]], and [[2015 Sousse attacks|later killing 38 people]] at the [[Sousse]] beachfront. Tunisian president [[Beji Caid Essebsi]] renewed the state of emergency in October for three more months.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/10/why-is-the-state-of-emergency-renewed-three-times-tunisia.html|title=The real reason Tunisia renewed its state of emergency|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220140248/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/10/why-is-the-state-of-emergency-renewed-three-times-tunisia.html|archive-date=20 December 2016}}</ref> The [[Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet]] won the 2015 [[Nobel Peace Prize]] for its work in building a peaceful, pluralistic political order in Tunisia.<ref>"The Nobel Peace Prize 2015". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 15 December 2016.</ref>

==== Presidency of Kais Saied (2019–present) ====
Tunisia's first democratically elected president [[Beji Caid Essebsi]] died in July 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tunisian President Beji Caid Essebsi dies aged 92 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190725-tunisia-president-essebsi-dies-aged-92 |work=France 24 |date=25 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Following him, [[Kais Saied]] became Tunisia's president after a landslide victory in the [[2019 Tunisian presidential election]]s in October.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-10-14|title=Tunisia election: Kais Saied to become president|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50032460|access-date=2021-03-26}}</ref> On 23 October 2019, Saied was sworn in as Tunisia's new president.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tunisia's new president sworn in after surprise election win |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20191023-tunisia-s-new-president-sworn-in-after-surprise-election-win |work=France 24 |date=23 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

On 25 July 2021, amid ongoing demonstrations concerning government dysfunction and corruption and rises in [[COVID-19]] cases, Kais Saied unilaterally [[2021 Tunisian political crisis|suspended parliament, dismissed the prime minister and withdrew immunity of parliament members]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Yee|first=Vivian|date=2021-07-26|title=Tunisia's Democracy Verges on Dissolution as President Moves to Take Control|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/26/world/middleeast/tunisia-government-dismissed-protests.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/26/world/middleeast/tunisia-government-dismissed-protests.html |archive-date=2021-12-28 |url-access=limited|access-date=2021-07-26|issn=0362-4331}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-25|title=Tunisian president sacks PM, suspends parliament after violent protests|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210725-tunisian-president-saied-sacks-prime-minister-mechichi-suspends-parliament|access-date=2021-07-26|website=France 24|language=en}}</ref> In September 2021, Saied said he would appoint a committee to help draft new constitutional amendments.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tunisian president moves to cement one-man rule |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/23/africa/tunisian-president-reforms-political-system-intl/index.html |access-date=24 September 2021 |work=CNN |agency=Reuters |date=23 September 2021}}</ref>{{Efn|The new constitution, which increased presidential powers, was passed in a [[2022 Tunisian constitutional referendum|referendum]] the following year with a turnout of only around 30%, amidst a widespread boycott.}} On 29 September, he named [[Najla Bouden]] as the new prime minister and tasked her with forming a [[Bouden Cabinet|cabinet]], which was sworn in on 11 October.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Amara|first1=Tarek|last2=Mcdowall|first2=Angus|date=2021-09-29|title=Tunisian leader names new PM with little experience at crisis moment|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/tunisian-president-names-romdhane-prime-minister-2021-09-29/|access-date=2021-10-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-11|title=New Tunisian government sworn in|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/new-tunisian-government-sworn-in/2388732|access-date=2021-10-13|website=Anadolu Agency|location=Tunis}}</ref> On 3 February 2022, Tunisia was voted to the African Union's (AU) Peace and Security Council for the term 2022–2024, according to the Tunisian Foreign Ministry. The poll took place on the fringes of the AU Executive Council's 40th ordinary session, which was held in the Ethiopian capital of Addis Ababa, according to the ministry.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tunisia elected member of African Union security council |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/africa/20220204/6e6021e10aa54258a50dc2edf902b6ad/c.html |access-date=4 February 2022 |publisher=Xinhua |date=4 February 2022}}</ref>

In February 2022, Tunisia and the International Monetary Fund held preliminary negotiations in the hopes of securing a multibillion-dollar bailout for an economy beset by recession, public debt, inflation, and unemployment.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tunisia's talks with the IMF: What's at stake? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/18/tunisias-talks-with-the-imf-whats-at-stake |access-date=20 February 2022 |work=Al Jazeera |agency=AFP |date=18 February 2022}}</ref>

In April 2023, the Tunisian government closed the headquarters of the [[Ennahda]] party and arrested its leader [[Rached Ghannouchi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-17 |title=Tunisia closes offices of opposition party Ennahdha after arresting leader |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230417-ennahda-leader-ghannouchi-detained-by-tunisian-police-party-says |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> In October 2023 [[Abir Moussi]], head of the [[Free Destourian Party|Free Destourian Party (FDL)]], became the latest prominent opponent of president Saied to have been detained or imprisoned.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tunisia arrests opposition figure as crackdown escalates – DW – 10/04/2023 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/tunisia-arrests-opposition-figure-as-crackdown-escalates/a-66994968 |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-04 |title=En Tunisie, l'opposante Abir Moussi placée en détention |language=fr |work=Le Monde.fr |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/10/04/en-tunisie-l-opposante-abir-moussi-placee-en-detention_6192365_3212.html |access-date=2023-10-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-04 |title=Tunisia detains Abir Moussi, prominent opponent of president |url=https://arab.news/222h9 |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=red |first=ORF at/Agenturen |date=2023-10-04 |title=Tunesien: Erneut Oppositionspolitikerin festgenommen |url=https://orf.at/stories/3333468/ |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=news.ORF.at |language=de}}</ref> The FDL had emerged from the [[Democratic Constitutional Rally|Democratic Constitutional Assembly]].

In September 2023 Saied had asked to postpone a visit by a delegation of the [[European Commission|EU commission]] to discuss migration<ref>{{Cite web |title=EU, Tunisia sign €1 billion deal to fight illegal migration – DW – 07/16/2023 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/eu-tunisia-sign-1-billion-deal-to-fight-illegal-migration/a-66249005 |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref> according to [[Ministry of the Interior (Tunisia)|Minister of the Interior]] [[Kamel Feki]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=red |first=ORF at/Agenturen |date=2023-09-30 |title=Tunesien verschiebt Besuch von EU-Delegation zu Migration |url=https://orf.at/stories/3333060/ |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=news.ORF.at |language=de}}</ref> Meanwhile, human rights organisations were criticizing the July migration agreement.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-28 |title=EU Commission Should Stop Ignoring Tunisia's Abuses Against Migrants {{!}} Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/09/28/eu-commission-should-stop-ignoring-tunisias-abuses-against-migrants |access-date=2023-09-30 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Migration as a weapon: Is Tunisia blackmailing the EU? – DW – 09/20/2023 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/migration-as-a-weapon-is-tunisia-blackmailing-the-eu/a-66874950 |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref> Feki said that Tunisia, which is one of the most important transit countries for people on their way to Europe,<ref name=":4" /> cannot act as a border guard for other countries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Redazione |date=2023-10-01 |title=La Tunisia: non possiamo proteggere le frontiere di altri paesi |url=https://askanews.it/2023/10/01/la-tunisia-non-possiamo-proteggere-le-frontiere-di-altri-paesi |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Il Domani d'Italia |language=it-IT}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=red |first=ORF at/Agenturen |date=2023-10-01 |title=Tunesien will nicht Grenzen anderer Länder überwachen |url=https://orf.at/stories/3333136/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=news.ORF.at |language=de}}</ref> In October 2023 Saied turned down 127 million in EU aid<ref>{{Cite web |last=red |first=ORF at/Agenturen |date=2023-10-03 |title=Tunesien lehnt EU-Finanzhilfe wegen Migrationsabkommens ab |url=https://orf.at/stories/3333324/ |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=news.ORF.at |language=de}}</ref> saying that the amount was small and doesn't square with a deal signed three months ago.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Amara |first=Tarek |date=2023-10-02 |title=Tunisia rejects EU financial aid, casting doubt on an immigration deal |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/tunisia-rejects-eu-financial-aid-casting-doubt-an-immigration-deal-2023-10-02/ |access-date=2023-10-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2023-10-03 |title=Tunisia: President Kais Saied rejects EU financial aid on immigration |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/10/03/tunisia-president-kais-saied-rejects-eu-financial-aid-on-immigration-deal/ |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=Africanews |language=en}}</ref> This in turn caused surprise in Brussels.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-05 |title=Tunisia can 'wire back' EU money if it doesn't want it: Commissioner |url=https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2023/10/05/tunisia-is-free-to-wire-back-eu-money-if-it-doesnt-want-it-says-european-commissioner |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=euronews |language=en}}</ref> In April 2025, Tunisia dismantled dozens of makeshift camps housing African migrants, displacing as many as 7,000 people.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tunisian Authorities Raze Refugee Camps That Housed 7,000 |url=https://www.democracynow.org/2025/4/25/headlines/tunisian_authorities_raze_refugee_camps_that_housed_7_000 |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=Democracy Now! |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-10 |title=Tunisia dismantles encampments housing migrants stranded en route to Europe |url=https://apnews.com/article/migrants-tunisia-coast-camps-d92fe18ebf792ae8ff8dacd6256a05c2 |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref>

On 6 October 2024, President Kais Saied won a second term with more than 90% of the vote in a [[2024 Tunisian presidential election|presidential election]] with a 28.8% turnout. Five political parties had urged people to boycott the elections.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tunisia election: Kais Saied secures second term with 91% of votes |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx25ree1g18o |work=www.bbc.com}}</ref>