Editing Tuna (section)

===Commerce===
Tuna is an important [[commercial fishing|commercial fish]]. The [[International Seafood Sustainability Foundation]] (ISSF) compiled a detailed scientific report on the state of global tuna stocks in 2009, which includes regular updates. According to the ISSF, the most important species for commercial and recreational tuna fisheries are yellowfin (''Thunnus albacares''), bigeye (''T. obesus''), bluefin (''T. thynnus'', ''T. orientalis'', and ''T. macoyii''), albacore (''T. alalunga''), and skipjack (''Katsuwonus pelamis'').<ref name="ISSF">{{cite web |url=http://www.iss-foundation.org/files/b45a4eb2-f9d7-4ed6-87a1-2efe2519baf6/ISSF_A-1%20Introduction.pdf
|title=Status of the World Fisheries for Tuna: Section A-1 – Introduction |publisher=[[International Seafood Sustainability Foundation]] |date= 15 April 2009 |df=dmy-all |access-date=10 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327021649/http://www.iss-foundation.org/files/b45a4eb2-f9d7-4ed6-87a1-2efe2519baf6/ISSF_A-1%20Introduction.pdf |archive-date=27 March 2010 }}</ref>

Based on catches from 2007, the report states:

{{Blockquote|Between 1940 and the mid-1960s, the annual world catch of the five principal market species of tunas rose from about 300 thousand tons to about 1 million tons, most of it taken by [[Trolling (fishing)|hook and line]]. With the development of [[Seine fishing|purse-seine]] nets, now the predominant gear, catches have risen to more than 4 million tons annually during the last few years. Of these catches, about 68 percent are from the [[Pacific Ocean]], 22 percent from the [[Indian Ocean]], and the remaining 10 percent from the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. Skipjack makes up about 60 percent of the catch, followed by yellowfin (24 percent), bigeye (10 percent), albacore (5 percent), and bluefin the remainder. Purse-seines take about 62 percent of the world production, longline about 14 percent, pole and line about 11 percent, and a variety of other gears the remainder.<ref name="ISSF"/>}}
The Australian government alleged in 2006 that [[Japan]] had illegally [[overfished]] southern bluefin by taking 12,000 to 20,000 tonnes per year instead of the agreed upon 6,000 tonnes; the value of such overfishing would be as much as US$2&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2006-10-16/bluefin-tuna-plundering-catches-up-with-japan/1286956 |last=Bradford |first=Gillian |title=Bluefin Tuna Plundering Catches Up With Japan |publisher=ABC News |date=16 October 2006 |access-date=11 August 2013}}</ref> Such overfishing has severely damaged bluefin stocks.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/28/AR2009112801066.html |last=Eilperin |first=Juliet |title=Global approach now favored for marine conservation |newspaper=Washington Post |date=29 November 2009 |access-date=11 August 2013}}</ref> According to the [[World Wide Fund for Nature|WWF]], "Japan's huge appetite for tuna will take the most sought-after stocks to the brink of commercial [[extinction]] unless fisheries agree on more rigid quotas".<ref>{{cite news
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/jan/22/japan.conservationandendangeredspecies
|title=Japan warned tuna stocks face extinction
|first=Justin |last=McCurry
|work=The Guardian
|date=22 January 2007
|access-date=2 April 2008
| location=London
}}</ref> Japan's Fisheries Research Agency counters that Australian and New Zealand tuna fishing companies under-report their total catches of southern bluefin tuna and ignore internationally mandated total allowable catch totals.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wright |first=Hillel |url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2011/01/09/life/are-japans-fish-lovers-eating-tuna-to-extinction/ |title=Are Japan's fish lovers eating tuna to extinction? |work=[[Japan Times]] |date=9 January 2011| page=7 |access-date=11 August 2013}}</ref>

In recent years, opening day fish auctions at Tokyo's [[Tsukiji fish market]] and [[Toyosu Market]] have seen record-setting prices for bluefin tuna, reflecting market demand. In each of 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2019, new record prices have been set for a single fish&nbsp;– the current record is 333.6&nbsp;million [[japanese yen]] (US$3.1&nbsp;million) for a {{convert|278|kg|lb|abbr=on}} bluefin, or a unit price of JP¥&nbsp;1,200,000/kg (US$5,057/lb). The opening auction price for 2014 plummeted to less than 5% of the previous year's price, which had drawn complaints for climbing "way out of line".<ref>{{cite news|title=Price of tuna nosedives at famous Tokyo auction despite dwindling stocks |url=https://www.thestar.com/business/2014/01/05/price_of_tuna_nosedives_at_famous_tokyo_auction_despite_dwindling_stocks.html |newspaper=[[The Toronto Star]]|access-date=8 February 2014|date=5 January 2014}}</ref> A summary of record-setting auctions are shown in the following table (highlighted values indicate new world records):

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! style="padding:8px;" colspan="7"| Record bluefin tuna auctions at Tokyo's [[Tsukiji fish market]] and [[Toyosu Market]]
|-
! style="padding:0; background:#ffd7d7; color:black;" colspan="7"| <small>(Highlighted field indicates new record price for a single fish)</small>
|-
! style="padding:0 8px; border-bottom:2px solid black;" rowspan="2"| Year
! style="padding:0 8px; border-bottom:2px solid black;" rowspan="2"| Total<br/>weight
! style="padding:0 8px;" colspan="2"| Total sale
! style="padding:0 8px;" colspan="2"| Unit price
! style="padding:0 8px; border-bottom:2px solid black;" rowspan="2"| Source
|-
! style="padding:0 8px; border-bottom:2px solid black;"| ([[japanese yen|JP ¥]])
! style="padding:0 8px; border-bottom:2px solid black;"| (US $)
! style="padding:0 8px; border-bottom:2px solid black;"| (¥ / kg)
! style="padding:0 8px; border-bottom:2px solid black;"| ($ / lb)
|-
| style="padding:0;" 8px;| '''2001'''
| style="padding:0;" 8px;| {{convert|202|kg|lb|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
| style="padding:0 8px; background:#ffd7d7; color:black;"| '''¥20.2&nbsp;million'''
| style="padding:0 8px; background:#ffd7d7; color:black;"| '''$173,600'''
| style="padding:0 8px; background:#ffd7d7; color:black;"| '''¥100,000 / kg'''
| style="padding:0 8px; background:#ffd7d7; color:black;"| '''$386 / lb'''
|<ref name="bigtuna" />
|-
| '''2010'''
| {{convert|232|kg|lb|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
| ¥16.28&nbsp;million
| style="background:#ffd7d7; color:black;"| '''$175,000'''
| ¥70,172 / kg
| $343 / lb
|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8440758.stm |title=Tuna hits highest price in nine years at Tokyo auction |work=BBC News |date=5 January 2010 |access-date=19 September 2012 |first=Roland |last=Buerk}}</ref>
|-
| '''2011'''
| {{convert|342|kg|lb|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
| style="background:#ffd7d7; color:black;"| '''¥32.49&nbsp;million'''
| style="background:#ffd7d7; color:black;"| '''$396,000'''
| ¥95,000 / kg
| style="background:#ffd7d7; color:black;"| '''$528 / lb'''
|<ref name="bigtuna">{{cite web|title=Fish story: Big tuna sells for record $396,000|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna40921151|publisher=NBCNews.com|access-date=19 September 2012|date=5 January 2011}}</ref>
|-
| '''2012'''
| {{convert|269|kg|lb|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
| style="background:#ffd7d7; color:black;"| '''¥56.49&nbsp;million'''
| style="background:#ffd7d7; color:black;"| '''$736,000'''
| style="background:#ffd7d7; color:black;"| '''¥210,000 / kg'''
| style="background:#ffd7d7; color:black;"| '''$1,247 / lb'''
|<ref>{{cite web|title=A single fish sells for nearly three-quarters of a million dollars|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna45882262|publisher=NBCNews.com|access-date=19 September 2012|date=5 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| '''2013'''
| {{convert|221|kg|lb|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
| style="background:#ffd7d7; color:black;"| '''¥155.4&nbsp;million'''
| style="background:#ffd7d7; color:black;"| '''$1.76&nbsp;million'''
| style="background:#ffd7d7; color:black;"| '''¥703,167 / kg'''
| style="background:#ffd7d7; color:black;"| '''$3,603 / lb'''
|<ref>{{cite news|title=A bluefin tuna sells for record $1.76M in Tokyo|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/01/04/bluefin-tuna-tokyo-sushi/1810557//|publisher=usatoday.com|access-date=4 January 2013|date=4 January 2013}}</ref>
|-
| '''2019'''
| {{convert|278|kg|lb|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
| style="background:#ffd7d7; color:black;"| '''¥333.6&nbsp;million'''
| style="background:#ffd7d7; color:black;"| '''$3.1&nbsp;million'''
| style="background:#ffd7d7; color:black;"| '''¥1,200,000 / kg'''
| style="background:#ffd7d7; color:black;"| '''$5,057 / lb'''
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tuna-auction-idUSKCN1OZ056|title=Tuna sells for record $3 million in auction at Tokyo's new fish market |date=2019-01-05|work=Reuters |df=dmy-all|access-date=2019-09-04|language=en}}</ref>
|}

In November 2011, a different record was set when a fisherman in [[Massachusetts]] caught an {{convert|881|lb|kg|abbr=on}} tuna. It was captured inadvertently using a dragnet. Due to the laws and restrictions on tuna fishing in the United States, federal authorities impounded the fish because it was not caught with a rod and reel. Because of the tuna's deteriorated condition as a result of the trawl net, the fish sold for just under $5,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/blogs/sideshow/man-catches-881-pound-tuna-seized-feds-194650751.html |title=Man catches 881-pound tuna, seized by feds &#124; The Sideshow&nbsp;– Yahoo! News |publisher=News.yahoo.com |df=dmy-all |date=2011-11-15 |access-date=2012-06-16}}</ref>

<gallery class="center" widths="200">
File:TunaFish.JPG|Tuna being weighed on Greek quay-side
File:Tsukiji Fish market and Tuna edit.jpg|Tuna at [[Tsukiji fish market]], Tokyo
File:Tuna cut half japan.jpg|Tuna cut in half for processing at Tsukuji fish market
</gallery>