Editing Trolleybus (section)

==Off-wire power developments==
[[File:Trolleybus Driver Adjusting Trolley Pole (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|On this [[articulated bus|articulated]] [[Beijing Bus|Beijing trolleybus]], the operator uses ropes to guide the trolley poles to contact the overhead wires.]]
With the re-introduction of hybrid designs, trolleybuses are no longer tied to overhead wires. The [[Transport of New Jersey|Public Service Company of New Jersey]], with [[Yellow Coach Manufacturing Company|Yellow Coach]], developed "All Service Vehicles"; trackless trolleys capable of operating as gas-electric buses when off wire, and used them successfully between 1935 and 1948. Since the 1980s, systems such as [[San Francisco Municipal Railway|Muni]] in San Francisco, [[TransLink (British Columbia)|TransLink]] in Vancouver, and [[Beijing]], among others, have bought trolleybuses equipped with batteries to allow them to operate fairly long distances away from the wires. [[Supercapacitor]]s can be also used to move buses short distances.

Trolleybuses can optionally be equipped either with limited off-wire capability&mdash;a small diesel engine or battery pack&mdash;for auxiliary or emergency use only, or full [[dual-mode bus|dual-mode capability]]. A simple auxiliary power unit can allow a trolleybus to get around a route blockage or can reduce the amount (or complexity) of overhead wiring needed at operating garages (depots). This capability has become increasingly common in newer trolleybuses, particularly in China, North America and Europe, where the vast majority of new trolleybuses delivered since the 1990s are fitted with at least limited off-wire capability. These have gradually replaced older trolleybuses which lacked such capability. In [[Philadelphia]], new trackless trolleys equipped with small [[Hybrid electric vehicle|hybrid]] diesel-electric power units for operating short distances off-wire were placed in service by [[SEPTA]] in 2008. This is instead of the trolleys using a conventional diesel drive train or battery-only system for their off-wire movement.<ref>''Trolleybus Magazine'' No. 267 (May–June 2006), p. 71. National Trolleybus Assn. (UK).</ref>

[[File:Breda dual-mode bus at Westlake station in Downtown Seattle Transit Tunnel, 9-17-1990.jpg|thumb|right|A [[dual-mode bus]] operating as a trolleybus in the [[Downtown Seattle Transit Tunnel]], in 1990]]
[[File:Брестский троллейбус.jpg|thumb|Trolleybus with battery pack and full [[Dual-mode bus|dual-mode capability]] on the streets of [[Brest, Belarus]]]]
[[King County Metro]] in [[Seattle|Seattle, Washington]] and the [[Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority|MBTA]] in [[Boston]]'s [[Silver Line (MBTA)|Silver Line]] have used [[dual-mode bus]]es that run on electric power from overhead wires on a fixed right-of-way and on [[Diesel engine|diesel]] power on city streets. Metro used special-order articulated [[Società Italiana Ernesto Breda|Breda]] buses, introduced in 1990, and most were retired in 2005. A limited number of the Breda dual-mode buses had their diesel engines removed, and operated exclusively as trolleybuses until 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Koch |first=John |date=2016-10-28 |title=Farewell to Metro's Breda trolleys |url=https://kingcountymetro.blog/2016/10/28/farewell-to-metros-breda-trolleys/ |accessdate=2023-01-26 |work=Metro Matters Blog}}</ref> Since 2004, the MBTA has used dual-mode buses on its [[Silver Line (MBTA)|Silver Line (Waterfront)]] route. The last of these were be replaced by [[hybrid electric bus|diesel hybrid]] and [[Battery electric bus|battery-electric buses]] in June 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=NETransit: MBTA Vehicle Inventory Main Page |url=http://www.transithistory.org/roster/ |website=roster.transithistory.org |access-date=17 January 2024}}</ref>

===In Motion Charging===
[[File:Škoda 30 Tr.jpg|thumb|In Motion Charging additional batteries charging at Palmovka [[Prague]]]]

IMC (In Motion Charging)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ecity.solarisbus.com/en/knowledge-base/in-motion-charging-imc#:~:text=In%2Dmotion%20charging%20(IMC)%20is%20another%20method%20for%20charging,s%20equipped%20with%20additional%20batteries.|title=In-motion charging (IMC)}}</ref>trolleybuses are equipped with a light-weight battery, the size of which is adapted to the line profile used. This battery allows them not to depend on overhead lines. They can thus operate with a mix of electric wire and batteries (60% of the time on the wire and 40% on the battery).
With the development of battery technology in recent years, trolleybuses with extended off-wire capability through on-board batteries are becoming popular. The on-board battery is charged while the vehicle is in motion under the overhead wires and then allows off-wire travel for significant distances, often in excess of 15&nbsp;km.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=上海无轨电车"复兴":全换成新型辫子车 车辆增加两倍-无轨电车 辫子 高油价时代 混搭 上海公交-上海频道-东方网|url=http://sh.eastday.com/m/20140626/u1a8178158.html|access-date=6 June 2020|website=sh.eastday.com|language=zh}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Such trolleybuses are called, among others, trolleybuses with In-Motion Charging, hybrid trolleybuses, battery trolleybuses and electric buses with dynamic charging. The main advantages of this technology over conventional battery electric buses are reduced cost and weight of the battery due to its smaller size, no delays for charging at end stops as the vehicle charges while in motion and reduced need for dedicated charging stations that take up public space. This new development allows the extension of trolleybus routes or the electrification of bus routes without the need to build overhead wires along the whole length of the route. Cities that utilize such trolleybuses include [[Beijing Bus|Beijing]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wong|first=Marcus|date=5 February 2019|title=Battery powered trolleybuses in Beijing|url=https://www.checkerboardhill.com/2019/02/battery-powered-trolleybuses-in-beijing/|access-date=6 June 2020|website=Checkerboard Hill|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Ostrava]],<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=https://www.urban-transport-magazine.com/en/hybrid-trolleybuses-in-the-czech-republic/ |title=Hybrid trolleybuses in the Czech Republic |author=Martin Harák |date=13 October 2019 |website=Urban Transport Magazine}}</ref> [[Trolleybuses in Shanghai|Shanghai]],<ref name=":0" /> [[Trolleybuses in Mexico City|Mexico City]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mario|date=11 May 2020|title=Yutong: the Chinese leader on worldwide expansion (as electric buses gain ground)|url=https://www.sustainable-bus.com/news/yutong-bus-zhengzhou-electric-bus/|access-date=6 June 2020|website=Sustainable Bus|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Saint Petersburg]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=THE INNOVATIVE TROLLEYBUS: IN MOTION CHARGING IN NEW KNOWLEDGE BRIEF|url=https://www.uitp.org/news/innovative-trolleybus-motion-charging-new-knowledge-brief}}</ref> and [[Trolleybuses in Bergen|Bergen]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=T|first=Tom|date=25 September 2020|title=De nye Solaris trolleybussene er kommet til Bergen|url=https://bussmagasinet.no/de-nye-solaris-trolleybussene-er-kommet-til-bergen/|access-date=6 December 2021|website=Bussmagasinet|language=nb-NO}}</ref> The new trolleybus systems in [[Marrakesh]], [[Baoding]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=我市第一批双源无轨电车来啦十大亮点抢先看|url=https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/Db2e3UKcIqDAlvi0fOrxEQ|language=zh}}</ref> and [[Prague]] are based exclusively on battery trolleybuses. In 2020, the city of [[Berlin]], Germany announced plans to build a new trolleybus system with 15 routes and 190 battery trolleybuses.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.urban-transport-magazine.com/en/bvg-berlin-plans-implementation-of-hybrid-trolleybuses/ |title=BVG Berlin plans implementation of hybrid trolleybuses |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=3 March 2020 |website=Urban Transport Magazine}}</ref> However, in early 2023 it was announced that the planned lines would use battery powered electric buses instead.<ref name="berlinaus">{{cite news |last=Neumann |first=Peter |date=23 January 2023 |title=Aus für die Strippe: Durch Berlin werden keine O-Busse mehr fahren |trans-title=End of the wire: There won't be trolleybuses going through Berlin |url=https://www.berliner-zeitung.de/mensch-metropole/verkehr-senat-bvg-projekt-oberleitungsbus-in-aller-stille-beerdigt-aus-fuer-die-strippe-durch-berlin-werden-keine-o-busse-mehr-fahren-li.310007 |language=German |work=Berliner Zeitung |location=Berlin |access-date=30 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.urban-transport-magazine.com/en/in-motion-charging-for-emission-free-public-transport/|title=In-Motion-Charging for emission-free public transport|access-date=8 September 2020}}</ref>

Introducing new flexible, high-capacity public transport of in motion charging (IMC) trolleybuses are electric buses that can charge dynamically via an overhead contact network and can run on batteries for up to half of their route. Because an IMC bus is operated electrically just as a tramcar without limitation of the range. It concept of trolleybus and [[Electric bus|ebus]] with [[Battery electric bus]]. IMC500 transfers energy from the infrastructure to the vehicle at a power of up to 500 kW. The e.g. 2 x 160 kW motors are supplied in parallel to the battery charging with e.g. 200 kW.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uitp.org/news/trolleybus-in-motion-charging-knowledge-brief/|title=How in motion charging trolleybuses are advancing our cities: Explore the Knowledge Brief|access-date=18 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kiepe.knorr-bremse.com/en/de/buses-and-e-mobilty/e-systems/imc500-e-bus-with-in-motion-charging-imc/|title=IMC500 / e-Bus with In Motion Charging (IMC®)|access-date=27 September 2024}}</ref>