Editing Triticale (section)

===Genetic transformation===
The [[genetic transformation]] of crops involves the incorporation of 'foreign' genes or, rather, very small DNA fragments compared to introgression discussed earlier. Amongst other uses, transformation is a useful tool to introduce new traits or characteristics into the transformed crop. Two methods are commonly employed: infectious [[bacteria]]l-mediated (usually ''[[Agrobacterium]]'') transfer and [[biolistics]], with the latter being most commonly applied to [[allopolyploid]] cereals such as triticale. ''Agrobacterium''-mediated transformation, however, holds several advantages, such as a low level of DNA rearrangement in the [[transgenic]] plant, a low number of introduced copies of the transforming DNA, stable integration of an a-priori characterized T-DNA fragment (containing the DNA expressing the trait of interest) and an expected higher level of [[transgene]] expression. Triticale has, until recently, only been transformed via biolistics, with a 3.3% success rate.<ref name="Zimny">{{cite journal | first=J. | last=Zimny |author2=Becker, D. |author3=Brettschneider, R. |author4=Lörz, H. | title=Fertile, transgenic Triticale (''×Triticosecale'' Wittmack) | journal=Molecular Breeding | volume=1 | issue=2 | pages=155–164 | date=10 October 1994 | doi=10.1007/BF01249700| s2cid=27470553 }}</ref> Little has been documented on ''Agrobacterium''-mediated transformation of wheat: while no data existed with respect to triticale until 2005, the success rate in later work was nevertheless low.<ref name="Binka">{{cite journal | first=A. | last=Binka |author2=Nadolska-Orczyk, A. |author3=Przetakiewicz, A. |author4=Kopera, K. |author5=Orczyk, W. | title=Efficient Method of Agrobacterium-mediated Transformation for Triticale (x Triticosecale Wittmack) | journal=Journal of Plant Growth Regulation| volume=24 | issue=1 / March, 2005 | pages=2–10 | date=28 July 2005 | doi=10.1007/s00344-004-0046-y| s2cid=22996555 }}</ref>