Editing Triboelectric effect (section)

=== Thermodynamic irreversibility ===
In the latter half of the 20th century the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] school led by chemist [[Boris Derjaguin]] argued that triboelectricity and the associated phenomenon of [[triboluminescence]] are fundamentally [[irreversible process|irreversible]].<ref name="Deryagin">{{cite book |last1=Deryagin |first1=B. V. |last2=Krotova |first2=N. A. |last3=Smilga |first3=V. P. | title=Adhesion of Solids |chapter=II |publisher=Consultants Bureau |date=1978 |translator-last=Johnston |translator-first=R. K. |isbn=978-1-4615-8191-8 |url=https://link.springer.com/book/9781461581918}}</ref>  A similar point of view to Derjaguin's has been more recently advocated by [[Seth Putterman]] and his collaborators at the [[University of California, Los Angeles]] (UCLA).<ref name="Putterman08">{{Cite journal |last1=Camara |first1=Carlos G. |last2=Escobar |first2=Juan V. |last3=Hird |first3=Jonathan R. |last4=Putterman |first4=Seth J. |date=2008 |title=Correlation between nanosecond X-ray flashes and stick–slip friction in peeling tape |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature07378 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=455 |issue=7216 |pages=1089–1092 |doi=10.1038/nature07378 |bibcode=2008Natur.455.1089C |s2cid=4372536 |issn=0028-0836}}</ref><ref name="Putterman18"}>{{Cite journal |last1=Collins |first1=Adam L. |last2=Camara |first2=Carlos G. |last3=Van Cleve |first3=Eli |last4=Putterman |first4= Seth J. |date=2018 |title=Simultaneous measurement of triboelectrification and triboluminescence of crystalline materials |journal=Rev. Sci. Instrum. |language=en |volume=89 |issue=1 |pages=013901 |doi=10.1063/1.5006811|pmid=29390647 |bibcode=2018RScI...89a3901C }}</ref>

A proposed theory of triboelectricity as a fundamentally irreversible process was published in 2020 by theoretical physicists Robert Alicki and [[Alejandro Jenkins]].<ref name=":11" /> They argued that the electrons in the two materials that slide against each other have different velocities, giving a [[Non-equilibrium thermodynamics|non-equilibrium state]].  [[Quantum mechanics|Quantum effects]] cause this imbalance to pump electrons from one material to the other.<ref name=":11" />  This is a [[fermion]]ic analog of the mechanism of [[Superradiance#Rotational_superradiance|rotational superradiance]] originally described by [[Yakov Zeldovich]] for [[boson]]s.<ref name=":11" />  Electrons are pumped in both directions, but small differences in the electronic potential landscapes for the two surfaces can cause net charging.<ref name=":11" /> Alicki and Jenkins argue that such an irreversible pumping is needed to understand how the triboelectric effect can generate an [[electromotive force]].<ref name=":11" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Demming |first=Anna |date= 6 Oct 2020 |title=Quantum treatment sheds fresh light on triboelectricity |url=https://physicsworld.com/a/quantum-treatment-sheds-fresh-light-on-triboelectricity/ |work=Physics World |location= Bristol, UK |access-date=18 Jan 2021}}</ref>