Editing Transphobia (section)

==In society==

===In healthcare===
{{See also|Healthcare and the LGBT community}}
A study of 81 transgender people in [[Philadelphia]] found 14% said they had been refused routine medical care because they were transgender. 18% answered 'yes' when asked if, when they went in for a check-up, "being transgender created a problem" for them.<ref name="Bockting-2006" />

Additionally, a study of 223 healthcare providers indicated a correlation between transphobia and decreased performance on survey questions regarding the treatment of transgender patients, with no significant correlation to the amount of time spent learning about transgender health, leading researchers to state that "broader efforts to address transphobia in society in general, and in medical education in particular, may be required to improve the quality of medical care for [transgender and gender diverse] patients."<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Stroumsa|first1=Daphna|last2=Shires|first2=Deirdre A|last3=Richardson|first3=Caroline R|last4=Jaffee|first4=Kim D|last5=Woodford|first5=Michael R|date=21 January 2019|title=Transphobia rather than education predicts provider knowledge of transgender health care|url=|journal=Medical Education|volume=53|issue=4|pages=398–407|doi=10.1111/medu.13796|pmid=30666699|hdl=2027.42/148342|s2cid=58643722|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

In the United States–based [[National Center for Transgender Equality|National Center For Transgender Equality]]'s 2011 survey, 19% of respondents reported being [[Omission (criminal law)#Failure to provide medical treatment|refused medical care]] due to their transgender or gender non-conforming status,<ref>{{cite web|title=Injustice at Every Turn A Report of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey |url=http://transequality.org/PDFs/Executive_Summary.pdf |publisher=transequality.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112122305/http://transequality.org/PDFs/Executive_Summary.pdf |archive-date=12 November 2013 }}</ref> such as [[Robert Eads]], who died of ovarian cancer after being refused treatment by more than two dozen doctors due to fears that taking him on as a patient might harm their practice,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ftminfo.net/sundance.html |title=FTM Informational Network |access-date=24 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509154651/http://www.ftminfo.net/sundance.html |archive-date=9 May 2008 }}</ref> or [[Tyra Hunter]], who was involved in an automobile accident; when [[Emergency medical services|rescue workers]] discovered she was transgender, they backed away and stopped administering treatment. She later died in a hospital.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.glaa.org/archive/1998/margiehunter1211.shtml|title=Victory in Tyra Hunter case<!--Bot-generated title-->|access-date=24 November 2009}}</ref>

In many European countries, laws require that any transgender person who wishes to change their [[legal gender]] must first be [[Sterilization (medicine)|sterilized]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Pazulka|first=Nicole|title=17 European Countries Force Transgender Sterilization|url=https://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2012/02/most-european-countries-force-sterilization-transgender-people-map|access-date=24 August 2013}}</ref> Sweden repealed [[Compulsory sterilisation in Sweden|its law]] in December 2012,<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Nelson |first=Rebecca |title=Transgender People in Sweden No Longer Face Forced Sterilization |url=https://newsfeed.time.com/2013/01/14/transgender-people-in-sweden-no-longer-face-forced-sterilization/ |magazine=Time |date=14 January 2013 |access-date=13 December 2017}}</ref> and the European Court of Human Rights struck down such laws in 2017.<ref>Liam Stack, ''[https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/12/world/europe/european-court-strikes-down-required-sterilization-for-transgender-people.html European Court Strikes Down Required Sterilization for Transgender People]'' (12 April 2017)</ref>

===In the workplace===
Transphobia also manifests itself in the workplace. Some transgender people lose their jobs when they begin to transition and a 1995 study from [[Willamette University]] stated that a transgender person fired for following the recommended course of treatment rarely wins it back through federal or state statutes.<ref name="TransEmploy">{{cite web |author=JoAnna McNamara |title=Employment discrimination and the Transsexual |publisher=[[Phyllis Randolph Frye]]|date=30 August 1996 |url=https://www.digitaltransgenderarchive.net/files/cn69m420z |access-date=10 June 2022}}</ref>

A survey of 392 trans women and 123 trans men conducted by the San Francisco Department of Public Health in 1997 found that 40% of trans women surveyed had earned money from full or part-time employment over the preceding six months. For trans men, the equivalent statistic was 81%. The survey also found that 46% of trans women and 57% of trans men reported [[employment discrimination]].<ref name="transhealth">{{cite web |author=The Transgender Community Health Project |title=Sociodemographics |work=Descriptive Results |publisher=HIVInSite |date=18 February 1999 |url=http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/InSite?page=cftg-02-02#S5.1X |access-date=7 September 2006 |archive-date=11 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211185155/http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/InSite?page=cftg-02-02#S5.1X }}</ref> A follow-up study in 1999 reported 70% of trans respondents being unemployed.{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}

A 2002 American study found that among educators, trans educators are 10–20% more likely to experience workplace harassment than their gay and lesbian colleagues.<ref name="Handbook of" />

In the hiring process, discrimination may be either open or covert, with employers sometimes finding other ostensible reasons to not hire a candidate. Additionally, when an employer fires a transgender employee, it may be a "mixed motive" case, with the employer openly citing obvious wrongdoing or [[job performance]] issues while keeping silent in regards to transphobia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sears|first1=Brad|last2=Mallory|first2=Christy|date=1 July 2011|title=Documented Evidence of Employment Discrimination & Its Effects on LGBT People|url=http://escholarship.org/uc/item/03m1g5sg|journal=The Williams Institute, UCLA|via=eScholarship}}</ref>

[[Workplace discrimination|Employment discrimination]] on the basis of gender identity and expression is [[Bostock v. Clayton County|illegal in the United States]]. Such discrimination is outlawed by specific legislation in the State of New Jersey and might be in other states (as it is in the states of California, Illinois, Maine, Minnesota, New Mexico and Washington) or city ordinances; additionally, it is covered by case law in some other states. (For example, Massachusetts is covered by cases such as ''Lie vs. Sky Publishing Co.'' and ''Jette vs. Honey Farms''.) Several other states and cities prohibit such discrimination in public employment. Sweden and the United Kingdom have also legislated against employment discrimination on the grounds of gender identity. Sometimes, however, employers discriminate against transgender employees in spite of such legal protections.<ref name="TransEmploy2">{{cite web|author=barbara findlay, Q.C. |title=Transgendered people and Employment: An equality analysis |publisher=Barbara Findlay Law Office |date=June 1999 |url=http://www.barbarafindlay.com/articles/43.pdf |access-date=10 September 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070620100912/http://www.barbarafindlay.com/articles/43.pdf |archive-date=20 June 2007 }}</ref> In 2000, the southern U.S. grocery chain [[Winn-Dixie (supermarket)|Winn-Dixie]] fired long-time employee Peter Oiler, despite a history of repeatedly earning raises and promotions, after management learned that Oiler identified as transgender and occasionally [[crossdressing|cross-dressed]] off the job. Management argued that this hurt Winn-Dixie's corporate image. The [[American Civil Liberties Union]] filed a lawsuit against Winn-Dixie on behalf of Oiler, but a judge dismissed it.<ref name="ACLUWinnDixie">{{cite web|author=Ronald L. Wilson |title=Oliver v. Winn-Dixie Complaint |date=23 October 2000 |url=http://www.aclufl.org/legislature_courts/legal_department/briefs_complaints/oiler_complaint.cfm |access-date=15 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403014712/http://www.aclufl.org/legislature_courts/legal_department/briefs_complaints/oiler_complaint.cfm |archive-date=3 April 2012 }}</ref>

Transgender people facing employment discrimination may turn to [[sex industry|sex work]] [[Survival sex|to survive]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Jacques|first=Juliet|title=No wonder many transsexual people end up in sex work|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/aug/25/transsexual-people-sex-work|access-date=30 March 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|date=25 August 2010}}</ref> placing them at additional risk of  encountering troubles with the law, including arrest and criminal prosecution, workplace violence, the risk of contracting [[sexually transmitted disease]]s such as [[HIV]].<ref name="transhealth" /> Lack of employment has also resulted in the transgender community resorting to illegal means of earning money such as drug-dealing.<ref>{{Cite journal|pmid=20416495|last=Bith-Melander|first=Pollie|date=2010|title=Understanding sociocultural and psychological factors affecting transgender people of color in San Francisco|journal=Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care|volume=21|issue=3|pages=207–220|doi=10.1016/j.jana.2010.01.008|s2cid=7332525}}</ref>

A study conducted by Anneliese Singh and Vel McKleroy on transgender people of color revealed that difficulty finding a job or losing a job due to transphobia resulted in some respondents living in crime-ridden neighborhoods and getting involved in abusive relationships.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Anneliese A|last2=McKleroy|first2=Vel S|date=2011|title="Just Getting Out of Bed Is a Revolutionary Act" The Resilience of Transgender People of Color Who Have Survived Traumatic Life Events.|journal=Traumatology|volume=17|issue=2|pages=34–44|doi=10.1177/1534765610369261|citeseerx=10.1.1.1017.9594}}</ref> A 2021 study in the [[Journal of Career Development]] looked at 18 Latino transgender immigrants to the United States and found five themes related to these participants' experiences while seeking employment: discrimination, limited options, positive experiences, and disability benefits as financial relief.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Abreu|first1=Roberto L.|last2=Gonzalez|first2=Kirsten A.|last3=Lindley|first3=Louis|last4=Capielo Rosario|first4=Cristalís|last5=Lockett|first5=Gabriel M.|last6=Teran|first6=Manuel|date=16 December 2021|title="Why can't I Have the Office Jobs?": Immigrant Latinx Transgender Peoples' Experiences with Seeking Employment|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/08948453211062951|journal=Journal of Career Development|volume=50 |pages=20–36|doi=10.1177/08948453211062951|s2cid=245306097|issn=0894-8453}}</ref>

===From government===
{{See also|Transgender disenfranchisement in the United States}}

[[Voter identification laws in the United States]] often impact transgender individuals' ability to vote, since many lack photo identification with their current name and gender.<ref name="Holder2020">{{cite news |last=Holder |first=Sarah |date=27 October 2020 |title=How Transgender Voters Are Fighting to Make Their Votes Count |work=Bloomberg Citylab |publisher=Bloomberg |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-10-27/transgender-voters-face-new-election-fears |access-date=21 January 2022}}</ref>

Prisons frequently make no attempt to accommodate transgender individuals, assigning them to facilities using only the criteria of genitalia, which is believed to contribute to the pervasiveness of prison rape with regards to transgender women. Prison staff have been noted to frequently deny trans women privileges disproportionately, and the Eighth Amendment right for an individual not to be given cruel or unusual punishment has historically not been liberally enforced in cases involving transgender inmates.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Erni|first=John Nguyet|title=Legitimating Transphobia|date=Jan 2013|url=|journal=Cultural Studies|volume=27|issue=1|pages=136–159|doi=10.1080/09502386.2012.722305|s2cid=147546970}}</ref>

In July 2023, Russia enacted a law which had, among other measures, banned gender-affirming healthcare for all transgender people regardless of age and had also banned them from adopting children.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=MacFarquhar |first1=Neil |last2=Birger |first2=Georgy |date=1 August 2023 |title=Putin's Crackdown Leaves Transgender Russians Bracing for Worse |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/01/world/europe/russia-transgender-ban.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215223925/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/01/world/europe/russia-transgender-ban.html |archive-date=15 December 2023 |access-date=11 June 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

Transgender people also face the denial of [[right of asylum]] or inhuman treatment in process of asylum-seeking.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/LGBTQI-Refugee-Review-Jul-2022.pdf |title=LGBTQI+ REFUGEES AND ASYLUM SEEKERS A Review of Research and Data Needs |last1=Shaw |first1=Ari |last2=Verghese |first2=Namrata |date=June 2022 |publisher=[[Williams Institute]] |access-date=}}</ref>

===In education===
{{see also|Anti-LGBT curriculum laws in the United States}}
{{further|Censorship of school curricula in the United States}}
Within the school system, many transgender teens are harassed and mistreated with reported negative effects on both victim and the school's population in general.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|title = Transgender Bullying: A National Epidemic|url = http://nobullying.com/transgender-bullying/|website = nobullying.com|access-date = 22 February 2016|language = en|archive-date = 25 March 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160325180022/http://nobullying.com/transgender-bullying/|url-status = dead}}</ref> Transgender youth frequently report fear and anxiety about using restrooms and locker rooms at school because of harassment by both peers and adults when using them.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eusccr.com/10.%20national%20center%20for%20transgender%20equality.pdf |title=Peer Violence and Bullying Against Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Youth |date=May 2011 |access-date=30 December 2016 |website=National Center for Transgender Equality |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005200553/http://www.eusccr.com/10.%20national%20center%20for%20transgender%20equality.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2016 }}</ref> Over 80% of transgender teens report feeling unsafe in a school environment, more than 40% report having been physically abused, and over 65% report being bullied online or via social media.<ref name="auto"/> Such discrimination is generally underreported, and school officials may even participate in transphobic name-calling or [[victim-blaming]]. Additionally, administrative practices such as misgendering students in school records can contribute to transgender students' distress in school.<ref name="McGuire Anderson Toomey Russell pp. 1175–1188">{{cite journal | last1=McGuire | first1=Jenifer K. | last2=Anderson | first2=Charles R. | last3=Toomey | first3=Russell B. | last4=Russell | first4=Stephen T. | title=School Climate for Transgender Youth: A Mixed Method Investigation of Student Experiences and School Responses | journal=Journal of Youth and Adolescence | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=39 | issue=10 | date=29 April 2010 | issn=0047-2891 | doi=10.1007/s10964-010-9540-7 | pages=1175–1188| pmid=20428933 | s2cid=20838648 }}</ref>

A study done on Canadian high school students between December 2007 and June 2009 illustrated how the LGBTQ students felt unsafe at the school and were exposed to insults and discrimination by their peers and sometimes even by their teachers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=Catherine |date=2011 |title=Final report on the first national climate survey on homophobia, biphobia, and transphobia in Canadian schools |hdl=10680/1265 |url=https://healtheducationresources.unesco.org/library/documents/every-class-every-school-final-report-first-national-climate-survey-homophobia}}</ref> Even heterosexual students and teachers fear attack by transphobia on account of supporting or having a transgender friend or family member.{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}

===Online===
[[File:Chaya Raichik and MTG.jpg|thumb|Georgia U.S. Representative [[Marjorie Taylor Greene]] (left) and [[Libs of TikTok]] creator Chaya Raichik (right) holding a sign claiming there are exactly two genders. Greene posted this image to [[Twitter]] with the caption "@libsoftiktok knows the truth!"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Greene |first=Marjorie Taylor |author-link=Marjorie Taylor Greene |date=23 March 2023 |title=.@libsoftiktok knows the truth! |url=https://twitter.com/RepMTG/status/1639053582522544128 |access-date=3 December 2023 |website=X (formerly Twitter) |language=en}}</ref>]]
Online transphobia remains a growing problem across various online spaces. A study by [[Brandwatch]] analyzing over ten million posts in transgender-related discussions on various [[social media platforms]] between 2015 and 2019 found over 1.5 million transphobic posts. These posts varied from promoting transphobic sentiment to advocating for [[Violence against transgender people|anti-transgender violence]] and [[Transgender genocide|genocide]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Scale of Transphobia Online |url=https://www.brandwatch.com/reports/transphobia/ |access-date=11 May 2023 |website=Brandwatch |language=en-US}}</ref>

Transgender people are often victims of [[online harassment]] and experience higher reported levels of online harassment compared to their cisgender heterosexual counterparts.<ref>{{cite news |date=25 October 2019 |title=Transgender people treated 'inhumanely' online |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-50166900}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Powell |first1=Anastasia |last2=Scott |first2=Adrian J |last3=Henry |first3=Nicola |date=March 2020 |title=Digital harassment and abuse: Experiences of sexuality and gender minority adults |journal=European Journal of Criminology |language=en |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=199–223 |doi=10.1177/1477370818788006 |s2cid=149537486 |issn=1477-3708|doi-access=free }}</ref> One study on transphobic cyberbullying by Evelyn et al. found that participants most frequently reported being bullied on social media platforms, alongside frequently reporting bullying in [[online video game]]s and [[dating app]]s. Most of the bullying was found to be from anonymous users or people unknown to the participants, and often in the form of transphobic insults, intersectional sexist, homophobic and/or racist insults, [[Outing|outing their identity]], threats of harm, and sexual harassment. Participants even reported transphobic cyberbullying from other transgender individuals, usually by [[Gender policing|policing]] or outing their identity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Evelyn |first=Sophie |title=A Phenomenological Investigation into Cyberbullying as Experienced by People Identifying as Transgender or Gender Diverse |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|year=2022 |volume=19 |issue=11 |page=6560 |doi=10.3390/ijerph19116560 |pmid=35682144 |pmc=9180504 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Online transphobia has potential to lead to real-world violence and threats. An example of this is when far-right Twitter account [[Libs of TikTok]] made a series of posts spreading misinformation that [[Boston Children's Hospital]] was performing [[Hysterectomy|hysterectomies]] on minors. This led to a series of death threats and bomb threats being made against the hospital and individual physicians, and individual physicians being [[Doxing|doxxed]] and harassed in person.<ref>{{cite web |last=Human Rights Campaign Foundation |date=8 December 2022 |title=ONLINE HARASSMENT, OFFLINE VIOLENCE: UNCHECKED HARASSMENT OF GENDER-AFFIRMING CARE PROVIDERS AND CHILDREN'S HOSPITALS ON SOCIAL MEDIA, AND ITS OFFLINE VIOLENT CONSEQUENCES |url=https://hrc-prod-requests.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/HRCF-OnlineHarassmentOfflineViolence.pdf }}</ref> Libs of TikTok has similarly posted about several other LGBT-themed events, such as [[Drag Queen Story Hour]]s, often leading to said events receiving mass threats of violence and being canceled or postponed by organizers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is "Grooming?" The Truth Behind the Dangerous, Bigoted Lie Targeting the LGBTQ+ Community {{!}} ADL |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/blog/what-grooming-truth-behind-dangerous-bigoted-lie-targeting-lgbtq-community |access-date=3 September 2023 |website=www.adl.org |language=en}}</ref>

The [[LGBT grooming conspiracy theory]]- claiming that LGBTQ people and allies are systematically grooming children- has been promoted online by both users and mainstream politicians such as [[Marjorie Taylor Greene]] and [[Lauren Boebert]]. Former US President [[Donald Trump]] claimed in a video posted to [[Truth Social]] on 31 January 2023, that "the left-wing gender insanity being pushed at our children is an act of child abuse" and that if re-elected, he would pass numerous laws significantly limiting gender-affirming care for minors.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2023 |title=Trump vows to 'stop' gender-affirming care for minors if re-elected president |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-election/trump-vows-stop-gender-affirming-care-minors-re-elected-president-rcna68461 |access-date=2 September 2023 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> One study on Twitter found that use of the term "[[Groomer (pejorative)|groomer]]" in tweets spiked on multiple occasions, including the passing of the [[Florida Parental Rights in Education Act]], the signing into law of said act, and Twitter posting a statement that tweets calling transgender or nonbinary people "groomers" violates its hate speech policy.<ref name="HRC-2022">{{Cite web |last=Human Rights Campaign Foundation |title=DIGITAL HATE: Social Media's Role In Amplifying Dangerous Lies About LGBTQ+ People. |url=https://hrc-prod-requests.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/CCDH-HRC-Digital-Hate-Report-2022-single-pages.pdf}}</ref>

Despite Twitter's prior public stance against transphobia and homophobia on its platform, the company was criticized by organizations such as the [[Human Rights Campaign]] for being inefficient. One audit by the organization found that Twitter failed to act on 99 out of 100 of the most viewed anti-LGBT tweets between January and July 2022.<ref name="HRC-2022" /> The [[acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk]] has led to a significant [[Twitter under Elon Musk#Increase in hate speech|increase in hate speech]], especially in terms of anti-LGBTQ content. Following Musk's takeover, tweets linking LGBT people to grooming rose by 119%, and retweets and mentions of right-wing figures' anti-LGBT tweets increased by over 1200%.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gogarty |first=Kayla |title=Anti-LGBTQ hate has increased on Twitter since Elon Musk officially acquired the company |url=https://www.mediamatters.org/twitter/anti-lgbtq-hate-has-increased-twitter-elon-musk-officially-acquired-company |access-date=11 May 2023 |website=Media Matters for America |date=13 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Muldowney |first=Decca |date=28 March 2023 |title=Elon Musk's Twitter Makes Millions Off Anti-LGBT 'Groomer' Tweets: Report |language=en |work=The Daily Beast |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/elon-musks-twitter-makes-millions-off-anti-lgbt-groomer-tweets-report |access-date=3 September 2023}}</ref> [[Twitter under Elon Musk|Under Elon Musk]], Twitter has also relaxed [[Twitter under Elon Musk#Transgender hateful conduct and slurs|transgender hate speech policies]], such as misgendering.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Urquhart |first=Evan |date=1 November 2022 |title=One of the Biggest Red Flags of Elon Musk's Twitter Takeover |language=en-US |work=Slate |url=https://slate.com/technology/2022/11/elon-music-twitter-transgender-harassment-misinformation.html |access-date=2 December 2023 |issn=1091-2339}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=21 November 2022 |title=We're Officially in the Elon Musk Era of Content Moderation |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2022/11/elon-musk-twitter-content-moderation |access-date=2 December 2023 |magazine=Vanity Fair |language=en-US}}</ref> ''[[GLAAD]]'' described Twitter as "the most dangerous platform for [[LGBTQ|LGBTQ people]]", ranking the lowest on its Social Media Safety Index.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2023 |title=Twitter is the 'most dangerous' major social media platform for LGBTQ users, GLAAD says |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/nbc-out/out-news/twitter-dangerous-social-media-platform-lgbtq-users-glaad-says-rcna89530 |access-date=2 December 2023 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gomez |first=Brandon |date=15 June 2023 |title=Twitter is a more dangerous platform for the LGBTQ community now than it was a year ago, GLAAD finds |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/06/15/twitter-more-dangerous-for-the-lgbtq-community-now-vs-year-ago-glaad.html |access-date=2 December 2023 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Yurcaba |first1=Jo |last2=Ingram |first2=David |date=27 October 2023 |title=A year after Elon Musk bought Twitter, LGBTQ people say it has become toxic |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/nbc-out/out-news/year-elon-musk-bought-twitter-lgbtq-people-say-become-toxic-rcna122154 |access-date=2 December 2023 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref>

Similarly, a 2020 study on [[Facebook]] by [[Media Matters for America]] found that right-leaning sources took up a vast majority of interactions in transgender topics compared to left-leaning or queer sources, with anti-LGBT outlets such as [[The Daily Wire]] and [[LifeSiteNews]] earning the highest engagements out of any source analyzed in the study.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2020 |title=The right is dominating Facebook engagement on content about trans issues |url=https://www.mediamatters.org/facebook/right-dominating-facebook-engagement-content-about-trans-issues |access-date=10 June 2023 |website=Media Matters for America |language=en}}</ref>

===In religion===
{{see also|Transgender people and religion}}

====In Christianity====
{{see also|Christianity and transgender people|Anti-gender movement}}
{{Unreliable sources|section|date=January 2018}}
In North America, organizations associated with the [[Christian right]], including the [[American Family Association]], [[Family Research Council]], [[Focus on the Family]], [[National Association for Research and Therapy of Homosexuality]], believe that "[[wikt:transgenderism|transgenderism]]" is unnatural and that transgender people are and remain the sex they were assigned at birth. These organizations oppose laws and policies intended to accommodate transgender people, such as allowing them to change their legal sex, use the washroom corresponding to the gender with which they identify, or become ordained Christian ministers. It is their position that God created people's bodies as they are meant to be, that accepting transgender people would violate scripture and [[natural law]], and that the Bible refers to male and female only.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.religioustolerance.org/transsexu9a.htm|title=Beliefs among religious conservatives about the causes & cures of transsexuality (Cont'd)|access-date=7 June 2015}}</ref>

According to the Ontario Consultants for Religious Tolerance website, under [[Pope John Paul II]], the [[Holy See]] first stated its opposition to reassignment surgery in 2000, although it was not made public until 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.religioustolerance.org/transsexu15.htm|title=Catholic beliefs about the causes & cures of transsexuality|access-date=7 June 2015}}</ref>

Transgender people face particular challenges in attempting to integrate their faith with their gender identity. One author says "expectations [based on gender] are usually predicated upon our genitalia and begin from the moment of birth, continuing throughout our lives."<ref name="Sheridan2001">{{Cite book |last=Sheridan |first=Vanessa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UuQPAQAAIAAJ |title=Crossing Over: Liberating the Transgendered Christian |page=31 |date=2001 |publisher=Pilgrim Press |oclc=47126733 |isbn=9780829814460 }}</ref> Many Christian denominations use biblical notions of gender and gender roles to support their views. These include "So God created man in His own image, in the image of God He created him; male and female He created them" (Genesis 1:27) and "The woman shall not wear that which pertaineth unto a man, neither shall a man put on a woman's garment: for all that do so are an abomination unto the Lord thy God" (Deuteronomy 22:5).<ref name="Denise L 2013">{{cite journal|last1=Levy|first1=Denise L.|title=Transgender, Transsexual, and Gender Queer Individuals with a Christian Upbringing: The Process of Resolving Conflict Between Gender Identity and Faith.|journal=Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Social Work: Social Thought|date=15 February 2013|volume=32|issue=1|pages=60–83|doi=10.1080/15426432.2013.749079|s2cid=216087109 |url=http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/asu/f/Levy_Denise_2013_Transgender%20Transsexual%20and%20Gender%20Queer.pdf}}</ref>

Views of gender identity based on the Christian faith do not always coincide with the perspectives of transgender individuals.{{Clarification needed|reason=Sentence meaning is unclear and uncited|date=August 2023}} However, if they do not conform to these expectations, they may face rejection. Many transgender Christians seek out an "individualized relationship with God", often facing "a period of denial and struggle" as well as depression, disconnection, dissatisfaction, and spiritual difficulty before "discovering a sense of self that feels integral and true".<ref name=Sabia2018>{{Cite book |last=Sabia-Tanis |first=Justin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pkv7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA38 |title=Trans-Gender: Theology, Ministry, and Communities of Faith |page=38 |date=25 June 2018 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=9781725239005}}</ref> Many transgender individuals face barriers within the church, such as "fear and unfamiliarity on the part of the congregation, language issues, physical layout that separates people by gender, programs that exclude or separate by gender, pathologizing or designating trans issues as sinful, and overt hostility".<ref>Tanis, J. (2003). ''Trans-gendered: Theology, ministry, and communities of faith'', Cleveland, OH: The Pilgrim Press. p.&nbsp;116.</ref><ref name="Denise L 2013"/>

====In Islam====
The Islamic faith has historically supported heteronormative, binary gender identification.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alipour |first=M. |date=2 January 2017 |title=Islamic shari'a law, neotraditionalist Muslim scholars and transgender sex-reassignment surgery: A case study of Ayatollah Khomeini's and Sheikh al-Tantawi's fatwas |journal=International Journal of Transgenderism  |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=91–103 |doi=10.1080/15532739.2016.1250239 |s2cid=152120329 |issn=1553-2739|doi-access=free }}</ref> This support is reinforced by cultural norms and traditional readings of sacred texts which prohibit a wide range of identities. Despite this history, progressive Muslims have built arguments that support transgender Muslims on long-established doctrine,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zaharin|first1=A. A. M. |last2=Pallotta-Chiarolli|first2=M.|date=June 2020|title=Countering Islamic conservatism on being transgender: Clarifying Tantawi's and Khomeini's fatwas from the progressive Muslim standpoint|journal=International Journal of Transgender Health|volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=235–241 |doi=10.1080/26895269.2020.1778238|pmid=34993508 |pmc=8726683 |s2cid=225679841 }}</ref> and support for gender transition has even been found among influential conservative scholars.

In 1988, gender reassignment surgery was declared acceptable under Islamic law by scholars at Egypt's [[Al-Azhar University|Al-Azhar]], the world's oldest Islamic university. In Iran during 1987, [[Ruhollah Khomeini|Ayatollah Khomeini]], the supreme religious leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran at that time, also declared transgender surgical operations as acceptable (see [[transgender rights in Iran]]). The foundation for this accepting attitude in contrast to intolerance of homosexuality is the belief that a person is born transgender but chooses to be homosexual. Despite this acceptance among some conservative Muslim scholars and leaders, transgender individuals within the Muslim community still face particular challenges.

Today, there are some Muslim communities that explicitly welcome transgender Muslims, including some which have trans leadership. Masjid Al-Rabia, founded in 2017, is a trans-led, women-centred, LGBTQ+ affirming mosque based in Chicago, IL.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://masjidalrabia.org/about-masjidalrabia|title=About Masjid Al-Rabia|website=Masjid Al-Rabia|access-date=2 November 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102162626/https://masjidalrabia.org/about-masjidalrabia|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Northampton, Massachusetts, the Pioneer Valley Progressive Muslims (Masjid Al-Inshirah) was founded in 2010 by a transgender Muslim.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.advocate.com/politics/religion/2013/09/23/lgbt-muslims-make-progress-path-acceptance|title=LGBT Muslims Make Progress on the Path to Acceptance|website=The Advocate|date=23 September 2013|publisher=Pride Publishing, Inc.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Power |first=Tynan |author-link=Tynan Power|editor-last1=Goldberg|editor-first1=Abbie E.|editor-last2=Beemyn|editor-first2=Genny|date=2021 |chapter=Muslim People|title=The SAGE Encyclopedia of Trans Studies|location=United States|publisher=SAGE Publishing|pages=553–555|doi=10.4135/9781544393858.n188 |isbn=9781544393810|s2cid=242422061 }}</ref>  [[Muslims for Progressive Values]] has founded Unity Mosques in Atlanta, Georgia; Columbus, Ohio; and Los Angeles, California; as well as outside the United States. The [[Muslim Alliance for Sexual and Gender Diversity]] hosts an annual retreat for LGBTQ+ Muslims in Pennsylvania each May.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/stances-of-faiths-on-lgbt-issues-islam|title=Stances of Faiths on LGBTQ Issues: Islam – Sunni and Shi'a|website=Human Rights Campaign}}</ref> The Trans and Muslim Project of TransFaith is a project devoted specifically to the support of transgender Muslims.<ref>{{cite news
| last         = Holmes
| first        = Kristin E.
| date         = 19 January 2017
| title        = For transgender community, a search for faith and acceptance
| url          = https://www.inquirer.com/philly/news/20170120_Faith_in_transition.html
| work         = The Philadelphia Inquirer
| location     = Philadelphia
| access-date  = 2 November 2021
}}</ref>